Ascension Alchemy - light body ascension, resurrection ascend alchemy. The light body ascension resurrection. Ascend alchemy to light body ascension resurrection. To ascend alchemy in light body ascension. Resurrection into ascend alchemy of light body. Ascension, resurrection, & alchemy ascend. Body of light ascension with resurrection ascend. Alchemy of light body ascension. Resurrection alchemy to ascend.
    Ascension Alchemy - the light ascension to ascend. Ascension is alchemy in ascension ptocess; in order to ascend into full ascension.
The first few paragraphs are repeated from the Ascension Assistance page; new information follows.

The velocity of the flow of water in an imploding vortex multiplied by  the radius from the center of the vortex is theoretically infinite. As these forces increase the hydrogen bonds of the water molecule cannot sustain the pressure difference and begin to dissociate, at this point they can be permanently restructured (the bond angles). So first one needs to create a very powerful, very, very, very swiftly moving imploding spiral flow of water  We find the circumference of the vessel relative to the speed, of import, and of course the Golden Mean enters into the equation here.

[Researchers studying physical and chemical processes at the smallest scales have found that fluid circulating in a microscopic whirlpool can reach radial acceleration more than a million times greater than gravity, or 1 million Gs. The research appears in the Sept. 4/03  edition of the journal Nature.]

The  glass vessel containing the imploding  water vortex lies in the midst of a large crystal grid, the angles of the relationship between the crystals as well as the type and resonance-quality of import for creating natural scalar, or standing waves. The equipment with the glass vessel containing the imploding  water vortex is surrounded by a Tesla coil: actually two coils intertwined as one (Tesla technology does not produce harmful EMF or any form of electronic polution).   At this point the liquid medium can be permanently restructured within a standing  (or scalar) wave; permanently is the key here, most structured water will revert back to it's disorganized state (the hydrogen bonds begin to break between the crystal like structures; liquid entropy.) The key is the point where the effecting change is implemented to permanently restructure the hydrogen bonds. Scalar waves positively utilized  (they are also being used destuctively in weapon systems) have numerous health enhancing qualities beyond this, and hold a key to cellular regeneration, but for any of the positive qualities to be imparted they need to be "locked in" to the formulation.

We use sound, both within and beyond our human auditory range, sonics and ultra sonic frequencies, as well as pulsating light from different parts of the spectrum depending on the formulation being created. This is a preliminary step to restructure the hydrogen bonds and  prepare the medium at that critical point in the  process. (Scientists have begun to change bond angles using lasers, focused light, so the mechanism is not esoteric magic, it's a known phenomenon. However some of the things we do are exactly  that: magical. Defined as changing reality according to one's will. )  If you've read this far you probably realize that our approach is always born of, and in service to, SPIRIT.

 Dr. Jenny Dr. Hans Jenney through well documented studies demonstrated that vibration produced
 geometry. By creating vibration in a material that we can see, the pattern of the vibration becomes
 visible in the medium. When we return to the original vibration, the original pattern reappears. Through
 experiments conducted in a variety of substances, Dr. Jenney produced an amazing variety of
 geometric patterns, ranging from very complex  to very simple, in such materials as water, oil, and
 graphite and sulfur powder. Each pattern was simply the visible form of an invisible force. These
 geometric patterns have a three dimensional structure. Sound actually has a recognized  form to it. This
 form is a geometric design. This design has depth, length and  height to its structure. This is why the
 Tibetans refer to geometry as "frozen  sound". The mandalas that ancient cultures drew are two
 dimensional patterns that represent three dimensional sound.
 

We use this technology as a first step in  formulating Chrysalis 8, but all our 'alchemical homeopathy™' formulas are formulated  from this foundation. The resonance of the those assisting with the formulating of our products is infused during traditional hand succination with the mother tincture as the final step in this powerfully prepared medium.  Not only more powerful but also holds the mother tincture or geometric communication  infused at that point. Did you know that resonance formulations, whether standard homeopathy or .other subtle energy medicine, are effected  when sent thru the mail (remember your dealing with resonance here) or by their stay in the store prior to your purchase. They are effected by each person who handles them; by the quality of light in the store, etc.

Our 'alchemical homeopathy™' creates a very powerful resonance The formulations will effect those who handle them, their resonance will be changed and lifted by the formulations, rather than vice-versa.

Working with monoatomic elements is especially tricky. We have received homeopathic formulations of monoatomic elements that actually antidoted the monoatomic elements  found naturally in the body.   Homeopathy often works this way; it can be used very effectively to  remove  heavy metals, etc. from the body. Obviously in this case that's not the desired effect.

ASC International, Ascension Alchemy®, have been commercially formulating these products since 1990. The addition of the actual mother tincture is still important, as well as the use of multi potencies from this mother tincture. So often folks are initially helped by subtle energy products using sound/light frequencies, radionic devices, or the very real blessings of spiritual beings assisting in the making of products; but the results are not lasting. Uplifting as subtle bodies are effected but then dissapated as the connection into the physical is not completed.

As we mentioned when speaking of multi potencies: many enzymes in the body have cellular concentrations of 1X10-4M to 1X10-6M. These levels correspond to potencies in the ranges of 2C - 3C. Regulatory enzymes and transfer or communicative molecules have been measured at cellular levels of 1X10-9M - 1X10-10M corresponding to potencies of  6C . Hormone levels are measured or estimated to be present at physiological concentrations of 1X10-9M - 1X10-22M representing potencies of  6C - 12C. These concentration levels within the cells, tissues, blood and fluids illustrate the potential relationships between homeopathic potencies and physiological activities; the relationship continues through the more 'subtle' bodies, depending on the potency chords used in the formulation.

The addition of the substance, of the mother tincture, along with the more subtle light elements in formulating is important for lasting change and healing. Balancing/healing only in the etheric or focusing only on the electro-magnetic can temporarily improve, but not remove, the underlying cause of imbalance The true “blueprint” is not etheric or electromagnetic, it is literally multi-dimensional and must be addressed so.


© 1990-2006,  ASC International. All rights reserved. No part of these pages or original theoretical data may be reproduced in any form, electronic or mechanical, without written approval from ASC International. This is freely given, we only clarify the legal protection of patents pending and original research and theories derived from same. A joy to share with sincere explorers, but not for our ideas and research to be cannabilized  and put on the Web to sell some product we have not tested.

Scalar Technology

We wanted to talk a bit about standing, or scalar waves. It's a misunderstood field, both by consensus and alternative science. Someone just emailed a quote from an alternative science web-site. Here it is:

"All non-linear or "free" or "scalar" or "zero-point" energy devices create AN
EMOTIONALLY PERCEPTIBLE and GRAVITY DISTORTING field effect WHICH
EXACT A PRICE ON THE FIELD OF EARTH." (exact quote including capitals)

Besides a silly lumping together of different emerging technologies based on different theories of physics it's simplistic and incorrect; to suggest an exacting on the field of earth shows a misunderstanding of vector physics.  With that kind of misinformation apparent we wanted to include some information about scaler waves, so you can understand the phenomenom for yourself.

"Stoney and Whittaker showed that any scalar potential can be decomposed into a set of bidirectional wave pairs, with the pairs in harmonic sequence.  Each pair consists of a wave and its true time-reversed replica.  So, the interference of two scalar potential beams is simply the interference of two hidden sets of multiwaves.  That the waves in each beam are "hidden" is of no concern; mathematically, scalar potential interferometry is inviolate, in spite of the archaic assumptions of classical EM (When Maxwell wrote his theory, everyone knew that the vacuum was filled with a thin "material" fluid -- the ether.  Maxwell incorporated that as a fundamental assumption of his theory.  In other words, the scalar potential Phi already consisted of "thin fluid".).

Indeed, Whittaker's 1904 paper showed that any ordinary EM field, including EM waves, can be replaced by such scalar potential interferometry.  Further, the source of interfering potentials need not be local.  In other words, EM field gradients of any pattern desired can be created at a distance, by the distant interference of two scalar potential beams."

"..a  scalar  EM  potential  is comprised of  bidirectional EM  wave pairs,  where the  pairs are harmonics  and   phase-locked  together.      In   each   coupled wave/antiwave pair,  a true  forward-time EM wave is coupled to a time-reversal of  itself,  its phase conjugate replica antiwave.The two waves are spatially in phase, but temporally they are 180 degrees out  of phase." [Quotes are from T. E. Bearden in a letter to a college senior in Electrical Engineering, February 1992: we recommend his papers and books for those who want to look deeper.]

To suggest an analogy that will be clearer to many of you: We would suggest that when you balance the two hemispheres of your brain (the waves), you are creating "like onto" a scalar wave. The thoughts and feelings you have at that point are exponentially more powerful. Thoughts/feelings being an important component of reality creation here, you can see the potential.

All these descriptions are actually over simplifications because in the real (and more real ) worlds multiple interference patterns are involved in the formation of scalar waves; a spiritual gathering for example creates these powerful scaler waves. ASC uses a living Scalar technology in formulating our products; 'living' because along with traditional scalar technology the crystals we use in our own scalar additions are indeed alive. This goes well beyond technology into co-creation. There are numerous ways to create scalar waves, many of you are familiar with Tesla's work but perhaps more interesting is the use of natural scalar waves that can be created with crystal grids, crystals in geometric patterns. The angles between the crystals important for those doing their own research and more importantly the honoring of the crystals as conscious evolving life-forms. A little more technical is the use of the noble gases "constrained" in plasma tubes. Connecting to a frequency generator, the plasma tubes create scalar waves that can be very specifically targeted with the generator [ProGen makes excellent frequency generators for this purpose]. Each of the noble gases; Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon has their own quality, we would say their own gifts. Using  specific frequencies to create the scalar waves with different noble gases one can then target the powder to act on certain levels; not just of the physical body but of the subtle bodies as well.

.The technology we use is exciting and very substantial. On the edge but substantial. Scalar waves are very real and can be used to heal or destroy. Bond angles can be changed. The resonance that is emmited from a specific angle creates an energetic pattern with particular properties; reference the squares, trines, etc. that are so often misunderstood. (These are symbolic of the angles that your pranic currents "split" off at when blockages in the channels are struck by your life force: your true 'chart' is a geometric pattern of your etheric body.)

If you sit within a square structure and feel...then within a harmonically constructed pyramid...then within a tetrahedron; you can feel the different effects created by the angles and, if you move around, your relationship to the angles within the given space. Angles are part of the alphabet of the Language of Light. This language is multidimensional and is reflected on the molecular level as well as the subtle. Ascension Alchemy® formulations work on the molecular as well as the more subtle to effect deep and lasting transformation.

The reality of this transformation manifests as a secretion from the roof of your mouth. Here is the true Philosophers Stone. It has been called by many names; soma, manna, amrith. Ormes whitepowder gold can facilitate the awakening of a deeper alchemy; that which flows forth from your own transformed endocrine system. That is the beginning of true alchemy, the secretion is a hormone that signals biological and biochemical changes that allow for a greater flow of light. For a deeper look at spiritual endocrinology (we are not referencing melatonin, serotonin, etc. here) see recent additions to Ascension Assistance.

¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤

Chrysalis 8 does not form standard clustered water. Some excellent products involve the formation of hexagon molecular clusters. You all came into this  world with predominately hexagonically clustered water, as do baby rabbits and baby eagles. All life on this planet is born with bio-water predominately microclustered  as hexagons. Over time this  hexagonically clustered bio-water begins to break down; products and devices that help restore that naturally clustered state exhibit some of the same health effects of Chrysalis 8 because of increased cellular permability. They are excellent; many excellent people creating excellent products that assist. Chrysalis 8 does not cluster water hexagonally. We are not about going back to a past state that was lost over time. For an explanation of the stellar tetrahedron micro- clusters and the translation of "future DNA" to RNA see the Chrysalis 8 webpage.
¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤

A good deal of information follows loosely relating to our formulas and approach by third parties, some by our customers. Given the length and growing amount of information on this website we would suggest this would be the LAST section to read. We only include it for those of a technical nature who enjoy such.

Since the unusual qualities of that liquid crystal, water, is so important in our formulations, we include the following information.

A team in South Korea has discovered a whole new dimension to just about the simplest chemical reaction in the book - what happens when you dissolve a substance in water and then add more water.

Conventional wisdom says that the dissolved molecules simply spread further and further apart as a solution is diluted. But two chemists have found that some do the opposite: they clump together, first as clusters of molecules, then as bigger aggregates of those clusters. Far from drifting apart from their neighbours, they got closer together.

The discovery has stunned chemists, and could provide the first scientific insight into how some homeopathic remedies work. Homeopaths repeatedly dilute medications, believing that the higher the dilution, the more potent the remedy becomes.

Some dilute to "infinity" until no molecules of the remedy remain. They believe that water holds a memory, or "imprint" of the active ingredient which is more potent than the ingredient itself. But others use less dilute solutions - often diluting a remedy six-fold. The Korean findings might at last go some way to reconciling the potency of these less dilute solutions with orthodox science.

German chemist Kurt Geckeler and his colleague Shashadhar Samal stumbled on the effect while investigating fullerenes at their lab in the Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology in South Korea. They found that the football-shaped buckyball molecules kept forming untidy aggregates in solution, and Geckler asked Samal to look for ways to control how these clumps formed.

What he discovered was a phenomenon new to chemistry. "When he diluted the solution, the size of the fullerene particles increased," says Geckeler. "It was completely counterintuitive," he says.

Further work showed it was no fluke. To make the otherwise insoluble buckyball dissolve in water, the chemists had mixed it with a circular sugar-like molecule called a cyclodextrin. When they did the same experiments with just cyclodextrin molecules, they found they behaved the same way. So did the organic molecule sodium guanosine monophosphate, DNA and plain old sodium chloride.

Dilution typically made the molecules cluster into aggregates five to 10 times as big as those in the original solutions. The growth was not linear, and it depended on the concentration of the original.

"The history of the solution is important. The more dilute it starts, the larger the aggregates," says Geckeler. Also, it only worked in polar solvents like water, in which one end of the molecule has a pronounced positive charge while the other end is negative.
 

But the finding may provide a mechanism for how some homeopathic medicines work - something that has defied scientific explanation till now. Diluting a remedy may increase the size of the particles to the point when they become biologically active.

It also echoes the controversial claims of French immunologist Jacques Benveniste. In 1988, Benveniste claimed in a Nature paper that a solution that had once contained antibodies still activated human white blood cells. Benveniste claimed the solution still worked because it contained ghostly "imprints" in the water structure where the antibodies had been.

Other researchers failed to reproduce Benveniste's experiments, but homeopaths still believe he may have been onto something. Benveniste himself does not think the new findings explain his results because the solutions were not dilute enough. "This [phenomenon] cannot apply to high dilution," he says.

Fred Pearce of University College London, who tried to repeat Benveniste's experiments, agrees. But it could offer some clues as to why other less dilute homeopathic remedies work, he says. Large clusters and aggregates might interact more easily with biological tissue.
 

Chemist Jan Enberts of the University of Groningen in the Netherlands is more cautious. "It's still a totally open question," he says. "To say the phenomenon has biological significance is pure speculation." But he has no doubt Samal and Geckeler have discovered something new. "It's surprising and worrying," he says.

The two chemists were at pains to double-check their astonishing results. Initially they had used the scattering of a laser to reveal the size and distribution of the dissolved particles. To check, they used a scanning electron microscope to photograph films of the solutions spread over slides. This, too, showed that dissolved substances cluster together as dilution increased.

"It doesn't prove homeopathy, but it's congruent with what we think and is very encouraging," says Peter Fisher, director of medical research at the Royal London Homeopathic Hospital.

"The whole idea of high-dilution homeopathy hangs on the idea that water has properties which are not understood," he says. "The fact that the new effect happens with a variety of substances suggests it's the solvent that's responsible. It's in line with what many homeopaths say, that you can only make homeopathic medicines in polar solvents."

Geckeler and Samal are now anxious that other researchers follow up their work. "We want people to repeat it," says Geckeler. "If it's confirmed it will be groundbreaking".

Journal reference: Chemical Communications (2001, p 2224)

¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤

In 1920, American scientists proposed the concept of hydrogen bonds in their discussion of liquids having dielectric constant values much higher than  anticipated (like water) . Hydrogen bonding between water molecules occurs not only in liquid water but also in ice and in water vapour. It has been estimated from the heat of fusion of ice that only a small fraction, say about 10 per cent of hydrogen bonds in ice are broken when it melts at O 2oC. Liquid water is still hydrogen bonded at 100 2oC as indicated by its high heat of vapourisation and dielectric constant. That water is highly hydrogen bonded and still a fluid and not a solid is a paradox.

The dielectric constant of water is very high, water is one of the most polar of all solvents. Consequently electrically charged molecules are easily separated in the presence of water. The heat capacity of water is also very high or in other words, a large amount of heat is needed to raise its temperature by a degree.  This property gives a tremendous advantage to biological systems wherein the cells undergo moderate biological activity.  Despite the fact that large amount of heat is generated by these metabolic activities the temperature of the cell-water system does not rise beyond reasonable limits.

Water has a high heat of vapourisation resulting in perspiration being an effective method of cooling the body. The high heat of vapourisation also prevents water sources in the tropics from getting evaporated quickly. The high conductivity of water makes nerve conduction an effective and sensitive mechanism of the body. It would appear that nature has designed the properties of water to exactly suit the needs of the living.

Water has higher melting point, boiling point, heat of vapourisation, heat of fusion and surface tension than comparable hydrides such as hydrogen sulphide or ammonia or, for that matter, most liquids. All these properties indicate that in liquid water, the forces of attraction between the molecules is high or, in other words, internal cohesion is relatively high. These properties are due to a unique kind of a bond known as the hydrogen bond. This bond is a weak electrostatic force of attraction between the proton of a hydrogen atom and the electron cloud of a neighbouring electro-negative atom. In other words, hydrogen atom with its electron locked in a chemical bond with an electro negative atom has an exposed positively charged proton, which in turn electrostatically interacts with the electron cloud of the neighbour.

The importance of water is further enhanced as it is expected to be the source of energy in the future. Hydrogen, which is expected to be an energy carrier, can be obtained from water using any primary energy source like solar energy, electricity or thermal energy or a hybrid system consisting of more than one of these primary energy sources. Hydrogen, a secondary energy carrier, can be converted to produce water and this water appears to be an endless source of energy.

The importance of water to life can be gauged from the fact that cellular life, evolved in water billions of years ago. The cells are filled with water and are bathed in watery tissue fluids. Water is the medium in which the cell’s biochemical reactions take place.  The cell surface, a lipid-protein-lipid is stabilised by hydrophobic interaction.

Moreover, the proteins and membranes in cells are hydrogen bonded through water which protects them from denaturation and conformational transitions when there are thermal fluctuations.  Transportation of ions from cell to cell is possible only because of the presence of water.

Water is extremely important for structural stabilisation of proteins, lipids, membranes and cells. Any attempt to remove water from these structures will lead to many changes in their physical properties and structural stability. This then raises the question whether biological systems can survive without water or precisely, can there be any ‘life without water’.

Tremendous amount of research has gone into in the understanding of water and its structure. Despite all this, it is surprising that the microscopic forces that define the structure of water is not fully known. Even now several publications aim at better understanding of the structure of water. For instance, in a report in Nature (December 1993), scientists have studied the details of the inter-atomic structure of water at super critical temperature using neutron diffraction. Recently they have shown that a minimum of six molecules of water are required to form a three-dimensional cage-like structure. Groups up to five water molecules and fewer form one-molecule- thick, planar structures (New Scientist, February 1997).
Imagine a non-polar group in a cluster of water molecules. Since there is no interaction between water, a polar solvent and a non-polar group, water tends to surround this non-polar group resulting in higher ordering of water molecules.

Consequently the entropy of the system lowers with increase in Free Energy. When yet another non-polar group is brought closer to the first non-polar group the energy of the surrounding water forces the two groups to be close to one another.

¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤

One of the most important components of life as we know it is the hydrogen bond. It occurs in many biological structures, such as DNA. But perhaps the simplest system in which to learn about the hydrogen bond is water. In liquid water and solid ice, the hydrogen bond is simply the chemical bond that exists between H2O molecules and keeps them together. Although relatively feeble, hydrogen bonds are so plentiful in water that they play a large role in determining their properties.

Arising from the nature of the hydrogen bond the unusual properties of H2O have made conditions favorable for life on Earth. For instance, it takes a relatively large amount of heat to raise water temperature one degree. This enables the world’s oceans to store enormous amounts of heat, producing a moderating effect on the world’s climate, and it makes it more difficult for marine organisms to destabilize the temperature of the ocean environment even as their metabolic processes produce copious amounts of waste heat.

In addition, liquid water expands when cooled below 4 degrees Celsius. This is unlike most liquids, which expand only when heated. This explains how ice can sculpt geological features over eons through the process of erosion. It also makes ice less dense than liquid water, and enables ice to float on top of the liquid. This property allows ponds to freeze on the top and has offered a hospitable underwater location for many life forms to develop on this planet.

In water, there are two types of bonds. Hydrogen bonds are the bonds between water molecules, while the much stronger “sigma” bonds are the bonds within a single water molecule. Sigma bonds are strongly “covalent,” meaning that a pair of electrons is shared between atoms. Covalent bonds can only be described by quantum mechanics, the modern theory of matter and energy at the atomic scale. In a covalent bond, each electron does not really belong to a single atom—it belongs to both simultaneously, and helps to fill each atom’s outer “valence” shell, a situation which makes the bond very stable.

On the other hand, the much weaker hydrogen bonds that exist between H2O molecules are principally the electrical attractions between a positively charged hydrogen atom—which readily gives up its electron in water—and a negatively charged oxygen atom—which receives these electrons—in a neighboring molecule. These “electrostatic interactions” can be explained perfectly by classical, pre-20th century physics—specifically by Coulomb’s law, named after the French engineer Charles Coulomb, who formulated the law in the 18th century to describe the attraction and repulsion between charged particles separated from each other by a distance.

After the advent of quantum mechanics in the early 20th century, it became clear that this simple picture of the hydrogen bond had to change. In the 1930s, the famous chemist Linus Pauling first suggested that the hydrogen bonds between water molecules would also be affected by the sigma bonds within the water molecules. In a sense, the hydrogen bonds would even partially assume the identity of these bonds!

How do hydrogen bonds obtain their double identity? The answer lies with the electrons in the hydrogen bonds. Electrons, like all other objects in nature, naturally seek their lowest-energy state. And whenever anobject reduces its momentum, it must spread out in space, according to a quantummechanical phenomenon known as the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. In fact, this “delocalization” effect occurs for electrons in many other situations, not just in hydrogen bonds. Delocalization plays an important role in determining the behavior of superconductors and other electrically conducting materials at sufficiently low temperatures.

Implicit in this quantum mechanical picture is that all objects—even the most solid particles—can act like rippling waves under the right circumstances. These circumstances exist in the water molecule, and the electron waves on the sigma and hydrogen bonding sites overlap somewhat. Therefore, these electrons become somewhat indistinguishable and the hydrogen bonds cannot be completely be described as electrostatic bonds. Instead, they take on some of the properties of the highly covalent sigma bonds—and vice versa. However, the extent to which hydrogen bonds were being affected by the sigma bonds has remained controversial until recently.

Working at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, France, a US-France-Canada research team designed an experiment that would settle this issue once and for all. Taking advantage of the ultra-intense x-rays that could be produced at the facility, they studied the “Compton scattering” that occurred when the x-ray photons ricocheted from ordinary ice.

Measuring the differences in x-rays’ intensity when scattered from various angles in a single crystal of ice, and plotting this scattering “anisotropy” against the amount of momentum in the electrons scattered in the ice, the team recorded wavelike interference fringes corresponding to interference between the electrons on neighboring sigma and hydrogen bonding sites.

Taking the differences in scattering intensity into account, and plotting the intensity of the scattered x rays against their momentum, the team recorded wavelike fringes corresponding to interference between the electrons on neighboring sigma and hydrogen bonding sites. The presence of these fringes demonstrates that electrons in the hydrogen bond are quantum mechanically shared—covalent—just as Linus Pauling had predicted. The experiment was so sensitive that the team even saw contributions from more distant bonding sites.

Many scientists dismissed the possibility that hydrogen bonds in water had significant covalent properties This fact can no longer be dismissed. The experiment provides highly coveted details on water’s microscopic properties. Not only will it allow researchers in many areas to improve theories of water and the many biological structures such as DNA which possess hydrogen bonds. Improved information on the h-bond may also help us to assume better control of our material world. For example, it may allow nanotechnologists to design more advanced self-assembling materials, many of which rely heavily on hydrogen bonds to put themselves together properly. Meanwhile, researchers are hoping to apply their experimental technique to study numerous hydrogen-bond-free materials, such as superconductors and switchable metal-insulator devices, in which one can control the amount of quantum overlap between electrons in neighboring atomic sites.

JOURNAL REFERENCE
This research is reported by E.D. Isaacs, A. Shukla, P.M. Platzman, D.R. Hamann, B.Barbiellini, and C.A. Tulk in the 18 January 1999 issue of Physical Review Letters.

¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤

Source:   Georgia Institute Of Technology (http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/)
Date:   Posted 8/13/2002

Nanometer-Scale Light Source Is First To Show Single-Molecule Electroluminescence

Using photon emissions from individual molecules of silver, researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology have created what may be the world's smallest electroluminescent light source.
Believed to be the first demonstration of electroluminescence from individual molecules, the work could lead to new types of nanometer-scale optical interconnects, high-resolution optical microscopy, nanometer scale lithography and other applications that require very small light sources. And because single molecules are known to emit one photon at a time, the technique could ultimately be the basis for high-efficiency quantum information processing and cryptography.

Though the effect was first reported in silver clusters composed of 2-8 atoms, the researchers also demonstrated electroluminescence in similarly prepared copper clusters, suggesting the effect may broadly apply to other metals. [ASC. note: it does, gold demomstrates electroluminescence] Details of the research were reported in the August 6 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

"This is the first time that anyone has seen electroluminescence from individual molecules," said Robert Dickson, assistant professor in Georgia Tech's School of Chemistry and Biochemistry. "What we have observed involves sub-nanometer scale sources to which an electric field is applied. These molecules emit very strongly, and are very robust."

Dickson and collaborators Tae-Hee Lee and Jose Gonzalez began with thin films of silver oxide that are not electroluminescent. By exposing the film to electrical current of approximately one amp, they "activated" some of the silver oxide molecules, which then appeared within "discolored" regions in the film. When electrodes were attached to the film and an alternating current applied, a thin line of silver clusters began to emit light in colors that varied depending on the size of the clusters. The system operated at room temperature.

"When you zoom in more closely, you can see the emissions coming from single molecules," said Dickson. "They blink and have dipole emission patterns. You see an incredibly thin line of emissive species close to the middle of the sample."

Electroluminescence occurs when an electron recombines with a positively charged molecule from which a single electron has been removed to create an electron-hole pair. First, an electron is removed from a molecule, creating a positive charge. Then, an electron is quickly injected into a different state of the same molecule. Because of the charge differences, the electron is attracted to the hole, and when they recombine, a photon is released.

While normally stimulated by applying direct current (DC), the Georgia Tech group observed a dramatically enhanced response from high frequency alternating current (AC).

While DC voltage produced electroluminescence in the activated silver clusters, Dickson and his colleagues found that high frequency AC voltage -- above 150 megahertz -- produced a response as much as 10,000 times greater. Dickson believes the AC voltage created rapid recombination within single molecules in a very narrow section of a sample, producing the enhanced response. Bulk materials normally cannot respond quickly enough to the alternating current to enhance the electroluminescence to such a large degree.

The AC current was more efficient than DC current at converting electrical current to light because it injects the electron charge at just the right time, minimizing the amount of energy lost to production of heat. From a practical standpoint, that increases the operating life of the emitting clusters and reduces the amount of current required to produce light, Dickson explained.

"We know that the charge is recombining in the molecules because you can simultaneously measure the electroluminescence and the current, and the peaks are correlated," he said. "This is an extremely interesting materials system, not only because of the single-molecule electroluminescence, but also because of the resonance we see at relatively high frequencies."

¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤

Like-Charged Biomolecules Can Attract Each Other

Like-charged biomolecules can attract each other, in a biophysics phenomenon that has fascinating analogies to superconductivity. Newly obtained insights into biomolecular "like-charge attraction" may eventually help lead to improved treatments for cystic fibrosis, more efficient gene therapy and better water purification. The like-charge phenomenon occurs in "polyelectrolytes," molecules such as DNA and many proteins that possess an electric charge in a water solution. Under the right conditions, polyelectrolytes of the same type, such as groups of DNA molecules, can attract each other even though each molecule has the same sign of electric charge. Since the late 1960s, researchers have known that like-charge attraction occurs through the actions of "counterions," small ions also present in the water solution but having the opposite sign of charge as the biomolecule of interest. But they have not been able to pin down the exact details of the phenomenon. To uncover the mechanism behind like-charge attraction, a group of experimenters (led by Gerard Wong, Univ of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 217-265-5254) found that counterions organize themselves into columns of charge between the protein rods. Along these 'columns', the ions are not uniformly distributed, but rather are organized into frozen "charge density waves."

Remarkably, these tiny ions cause the comparatively huge actin molecule to twist, by 4 degrees for every building block (monomer) of the protein. This process has parallels to superconductivity, in which lattice distortions (phonons) mediate interactions between pairs of like-charged particles (electrons). In the case of actin, charge particles (ions) mediate attractions between like-charged distorted lattices (twisted actin helix). (Angelini et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, July 22, 2003). In the next experiment, they investigated what kinds of counterions are needed to broker biomolecular attraction. Researchers have long known that doubly charged (divalent) ions can bring together actin proteins and viruses, and triply charged (trivalent) ions can make DNA molecules stick to one another, but monovalent ions cannot generate these effects. Studying different-sized versions of the molecule diamine (a dumbbell-shaped molecule with charged NH3 groups as the "ends" and one or more carbon atoms along the handle) to simulate the transition between divalent and monovalent ion behavior, they found that the most effective diamine counterions for causing rodlike M13 viruses to attract were the smallest ones. These small diamine molecules had a size roughly equal to the "Gouy- Chapman" length, the distance over which its electric charge exerts a significant influence. Nestled on the M13 virus surface, one end of the short diamine molecule neutralizes the virus's negative charge, while the other end supplies a positive charge that can then draw another M13 virus towards it (Butler et al., Physical Review Letters, 11 July 2003; also see Phys. Rev. Focus, 21 July 2003).

¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤

The DNA-wave Biocomputer

Peter P. Gariaev*, Boris I. Birshtein*, Alexander M. Iarochenko*, Peter J. Marcer**,
George G. Tertishny*, Katherine A. Leonova*, Uwe Kaempf ***.

* Institute Control of Sciences Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Wave Genetics Inc. 87 Scollard Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5R 1G4
**53 Old Vicarage Green, Keynsham, Bristol, BS31 2DH, UK,
*** Institut f. Klinische, Diagnostische und Differentielle Psychologie- Am Falkenbrunnen - D-01062 Dresden TU, Dresden, Germany,

Abstract
This paper reports experimental work carried out in Moscow at the Institute of Control Sciences, Wave Genetics Inc. and theoretical work from several sources. This work changes the notion about the genetic code essentially. It asserts: -
1) That the evolution of biosystems has created genetic "texts", similar to natural context dependent texts in human languages, shaping the text of these speech-like patterns.
2) That the chromosome apparatus acts simultaneously both as a source and receiver of these genetic texts, respectively decoding and encoding them, and
3) That the chromosome continuum of multicellular organisms is analogous to a static-dynamical multiplex time-space holographic grating, which comprises the space-time of an organism in a convoluted form.
That is to say, the DNA action, theory predicts and which experiment confirms,
i) is that of a "gene-sign" laser and its solitonic electro-acoustic fields, such that the gene-biocomputer "reads and understands" these texts in a manner similar to human thinking, but at its own genomic level of "reasoning". It asserts that natural human texts (irrespectively of the language used), and genetic "texts" have similar mathematical-linguistic and entropic-statistic characteristics, where these concern the fractality of the distribution of the character frequency density in the natural and genetic texts, and where in case of genetic "texts", the characters are identified with the nucleotides, and ii) that DNA molecules, conceived as a gene-sign continuum of any biosystem, are able to form holographic pre-images of biostructures and of the organism as a whole as a registry of dynamical "wave copies" or "matrixes”, succeeding each other. This continuum is the measuring, calibrating field for constructing its biosystem.

Keywords: DNA, wave-biocomputer, genetic code, human language, quantum holography.
1. What Theory Predicts.

1.1 Introduction.

How did this new theory take shape? The principle problem of the creation of the genetic code, as seen in all the approaches [Gariaev 1994; Fatmi et al. 1990; Perez 1991: Clement et al. 1993; Marcer, Schempp 1996; Patel, 2000] was to explain the mechanism by means of which a third nucleotide in an encoding triplet, is selected. To understand, what kind of mechanism resolves this typically linguistic problem of removing homonym indefiniteness, it is necessary firstly to postulate a mechanism for the context-wave orientations of ribosomes in order to resolve the problem of a precise selection of amino acid during protein synthesis [Maslow, Gariaev 1994]. This requires that some general informational intermediator function with a very small capacity, within the process of convolution versus development of sign regulative patterns of the genome-biocomputer endogenous physical fields. It lead to the conceptualization of the  genome's associative-holographic memory and its quantum nonlocality. These assumptions produce a chromosome apparatus and fast wave genetic information channels connecting the chromosomes of the separate cells of an organism into a holistic continuum, working as the biocomputer, where one of the field types produced by the chromosomes, are their radiations. This postulated capability of such "laser radiations" from chromosomes and DNA, as will be shown, has already been demonstrated experimentally in Moscow, by the Gariaev Group. Thus it seems the accepted notions about the genetic code must change fundamentally, and in doing so it will be not only be possible to create and understand DNA as a wave biocomputer, but to gain from nature a more fundamental understanding of what information [Marcer in press] really is! For the Gariaev Group's experiments in Moscow and Toronto say that the current understanding of genomic information i.e. the genetic code, is only half the story [Marcer this volume].

1.2 What experiment confirms, part one.

These wave approaches all require that the fundamental property of the chromosome apparatus is the nonlocality of the genetic information. In particular, quantum nonlocality/teleportation within the framework of concepts introduced by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) [Sudbery 1997; Bouwmeester et al.1997]. This quantum nonlocality has now, by the experimental work of the Gariaev Group, been directly related (i) to laser radiations from chromosomes, (ii) to the ability of the chromosome to gyrate the polarization plane of its own radiated and occluded photons and (iii) to the suspected ability of chromosomes, to transform their own genetic-sign laser radiations into broadband genetic-sign radio waves. In the latter case, the polarizations of chromosome laser photons are connected nonlocally and coherently to polarizations of radio waves. Partially, this was proved during experiments in vitro, when the DNA preparations interplaying with a laser beam ( =632.8 nm), organized in a certain way, polarize and convert the beam simultaneously into a radio-frequency range. In these experiments, another extremely relevant phenomenon was detected: photons, modulated within their polarization by molecules of the DNA preparation. These are found to be localized (or "recorded") in the form of a system of laser mirrors' heterogeneities. Further, this signal can "be read out" without any essential loss of the information (as theory predicts [ Gariaev 1994; Marcer, Schempp 1996]), in the form of isomorphously (in relation to photons) polarized radio waves. Both the theoretical and experimental research on the convoluted condition of localized photons therefore testifies in favour of these propositions.
These independently research approaches also lead to the postulate, that the liquid crystal phases of the chromosome apparatus (the laser mirror analogues) can be considered as a fractal environment to store the localized photons, so as to create a coherent continuum of quantum-nonlocally distributed polarized radio wave genomic information. To a certain extent, this corresponds with the idea of the genome's quantum-nonlocality, postulated earlier, or to be precise, with a variation of it.
This variation says that the genetic wave information from DNA, recorded within the polarizations of connected photons, being quantum-nonlocal, constitutes a broadband radio wave spectrum correlated - by means of polarizations - with the photons. Here, the main information channel, at least in regard to DNA, is the parameter of polarization, which is nonlocal and is the same for both photons and the radio waves. A characteristic feature is, that the Fourier-image of the radio spectra is dynamic, depending essentially on the type of matter interrogated. It can therefore be asserted, that this phenomenon concerns a new type of a computer (and biocomputer) memory, and also a new type of EPR spectroscopy, namely one featuring photon-laser-radiowave polarization spectroscopy. The fundamental notion is, that the photon-laser-radiowave features of different objects (i.e. the Fourier-spectra of the radiowaves of crystals, water, metals, DNA, etc) are stored for definite but varying times by means of laser mirrors, such that the "mirror spectra" concern chaotic attractors with a complex dynamic fractal dynamics, recurring in time. The Gariaev Group experiments are therefore not only unique in themselves, they are a first example, that a novel static storage/recording environment (laser mirrors) exists, capable of directly recording the space-time atomic/molecular rotary dynamical behaviour of objects. Further the phenomena, detected by these experiments described in part two, establish the existence of an essentially new type of radio signal, where the information is encoded by polarizations of electromagnetic vectors. This will be the basis of a new type of video recording, and will create a new form of cinema as well.
Further experimental research has revealed the high biological (genetic) activity of such radio waves, when generated under the right conditions by DNA. For example, by means of such artificially produced DNA radiations, the super fast growth of potatoes (up to 1 cm per day) has been achieved, together with dramatic changes of morphogenesis resulting in the formation of small tubers not on rootstocks but on stalks. The same radiations also turned out to be able to cause a statistically authentic "resuscitation" of dead seeds of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, which were taken from the Chernobyl area in 1987. By contrast, the monitoring of irradiations by polarized radio waves, which do not carry information from the DNA, is observed to be biologically inactive. In this sequence of experiments, additional evidence was also obtained in favour of the possibility of the existence of the genetic information in form of the polarization of a radio wave physical field. This supports the supposition that the main information channel in these experiments is the biosign modulations of polarizations mediated by some version of quantum nonlocality. A well known fact can therefore be seen in new light, namely, that the information biomacromolecules - DNA, RNA and proteins - have an outspoken capacity to optical rotatory dispersion of visible light and of circular dichroism. Similarly, the low molecular components of biosystems, such as saccharides, nucleotides, amino acids, porphyrins and other biosubstances have the same capacity; a capacity, which until now made little biological sense. Now, however, it supports, the contention that this newly detected phenomenon of quantized optical activity can be considered as the means by which the organism obtains unlimited information on its own metabolism. That is, such information is read by endogenous laser radiations of chromosomes, which, in their turn, produce the regulative ("semantic") radio emission of  the genome biocomputer. Furthermore, the apparent inconsistency between the wavelengths of such radiations and the sizes of organisms, cells and subcell structures is abrogated, since the semantic resonances in the biosystems’ space are realized not at the wavelength level, but at the level of frequencies and angles of twist of the polarization modes. This mechanism is the basis for the artificial laser-radio-wave vitro-in vivo scanning of the organism and its components.
However, chromosome quantum nonlocality as a phenomenon of the genetic information is seen as particularly important in multicellular organisms and as applying on various levels.
The 1-st level is that the organism as a whole. Here nonlocality is reflected in the capacity for regeneration, such that any part of the body recreates the whole organism, as, for example, in case of the worm Planaria. That is to say, any local limiting of the genetic information to any part of a biosystem is totally absent. The same concerns the vegetative reproduction of plants.
The 2nd level is the cellular level. Here it is possible to grow a whole organism out of a single cell. However with highly evolved animal biosystems, this will be a complex matter.
The 3rd level is the cellular-nuclear level. The enucleation of nuclei from somatic and sexual cells and the subsequent introduction into them of other nuclei does not impede the development of a normal organism. Cloning of this kind has already been carried out on higher biosystems, for example, sheep.
The 4th level is the molecular level: here, the ribosome "would read" mRNA not only on the separate codons, but also on the whole and in consideration of context.
The 5th level is the chromosome-holographic: at this level, a gene has a holographic memory, which is typically distributed, associative, and nonlocal, where the holograms "are read" by electromagnetic or acoustic fields. These carry the gene-wave information out beyond the limits of the chromosome structure. Thus, at this and subsequent levels, the nonlocality takes on its dualistic material-wave nature, as may also be true for the holographic memory of the cerebral cortex [ Pribram 1991; Schempp 1992; 1993; Marcer, Schempp 1997; 1998]
The 6th level concerns the genome’s quantum nonlocality. Up to the 6th level, the nonlocality of bio-information is realized within the space of an organism. The 6th level has, however, a special nature; not only because it is realized at a quantum level, but also because it works both throughout the space of a biosystem and in a biosystems own time frame. The billions of an organism’s cells therefore "know" about each other instantaneously, allowing the cell set is to regulate and coordinate its metabolism and its own functions. Thus, nonlocality can be postulated to be the key factor explaining the astonishing evolutionary achievement of multicellular biosystems. This factor says that bioinformatic events, can be instantaneously coordinated, taking place "here and there simultaneously", and that in such situations the concept of  "cause and effect" loses any sense. This is of a great importance! The intercellular diffusion of signal substances and of the nervous processes is far too inertial for this purpose. Even if it is conceded that intercellular transmissions take place electro-magnetically at light speeds, this would still be insufficient to explain how highly evolved, highly complex biosystems work in real time [Gariaev 1994; Ho 1993]. The apparatus of quantum nonlocality and holography is in authors' view, indispensable to a proper explanation of such real time working. The 6th level therefore says, the genes can act as quantum objects, and that, it is the phenomenon of quantum non-locality/teleportation, that ensures the organism’s super coherency, information super redundancy, super knowledge, cohesion and, as a totality or whole, the organism's integrity (viability).
Indeed it can be said that this new understanding of biocomputers, constitutes a further step in a development of computer technology in general. An understanding that will bring about a total change of the constituent basis of that technology, in the history of analogue > to > digital > to > now, the figurative semantic (nonlocal) wave computer or biocomputer. This biocomputer will be based on new understanding of the higher forms of the DNA memory, and  the chromosome apparatus, as the recording, storaging, transducing and transmitting system for genetic information, that must be considered simultaneously both at the level of matter and at the level of physical fields. The latter fields, having been just studied, as showed experimentally in this research, are carriers of genetic and general regulative information, operating on a continuum of genetic molecules (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc). Here, previously unknown types of memory (soliton, holographic, polarization) and also the DNA molecule, work both as biolasers and as a recording environment for these laser signals. The genetic code, considered from such a point of view, will be essentially different from today's generally accepted but incomplete model. This, the wave-biocomputer model asserts, only begins to explain the apparatus of protein biosynthesis of living organisms, providing an important interpretation for the initial stages within this new proposed composite hierarchic chain of material and field, sign, holographic, semiotic-semantic and, in the general case, of figurative encoding and deciphering chromosome functions. Here the DNA molecules, conceived as a gene-sign continuum of any biosystem, are able to form pre-images of biostructures and of the organism as a whole as a registry of dynamical "wave copies" or "matrixes”, succeeding each other. This continuum is the measuring, calibrating field for constructing any biosystem.

1.3 Features of the Wave Model

Adleman [1994], for example, has used the mechanism for fast and precise mutual recognition between the DNA anti-parallels half-chains to solve the "the travelling salesman’s problem". However in the wave model of biosystems, this is only one aspect of the self-organization taking place. For here, as the experimental evidence now confirms, the mutual recognition of one DNA anti parallel half chain (+) by the other (-) concerns special super persistent/resonant acoustic-electromagnetic waves or solitons. Such DNA solitons have two connected types of memory. The first is typical of the phenomenon discovered by Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) [Fermi, 1972]. It concerns the capability of non-linear systems to remember initial modes of energisation and to periodically repeat them [Dubois 1992]. The DNA liquid crystals within the chromosome structure form such a non-linear system. The second is that of the DNA-continuum in an organism. Such memory is an aspect of the genome’s nonlocality. It is quasi-holographic/fractal, and relates, as is the case for any hologram or fractal, to the fundamental property of biosystems i.e. to their ability to restore the whole out of a part. This property is well known (grafting of plants, regeneration of a lizard’s tail, regeneration of a whole organism from the oocyte). And a higher form of such a biological memory would be a holographic (associative) memory of the brain cortex, i.e. of its neural network [Pribram 1991; Schempp 1992; Marcer Schempp 1997, 1998; Sutherland 1999]. Such wave sign encoding/decoding therefore, like DNA's ability to resolve "the travelling salesman’s problem", is, it can be hypothesized, an integral part of DNA's computational biofunctionality. Indeed DNA solitary waves (solitons), and in particular, the nucleotide waves of oscillatory rotation, "read" the genome’s sign patterns, so that such sign vibratory dynamics may be considered as one of many genomic non-linear dynamic semiotic processes. The expression "DNA’s texts”, borrowed earlier as a metaphor from the linguists, is it turns out therefore related directly to actual human speech. For as mathematical-linguistic research into DNA and human speech textual patterns, shows [Maslow, Gariaev 1994] the key parameter of both such patterns is fractality. It can therefore be hypothesized that the grammar of genetic texts is a special case of the general grammar of all human languages.
Returning however to DNA computation based on matter-wave sign functions with a view to realizing its wave coding capabilities, as distinct those used by Adleman, which might be termed its matter capabilities. Such true wave control capabilities of the DNA or chromosomes are, we hypothesize, those conditions that apply inside the living cell, i.e. in an aqueous solution but which correspond to a liquid-crystal condition as well. For under such conditions, in the unique circumstances of cell division, the living cell has the ability to replicate itself, and has the property of what in relation to a self replicating automaton, von Neumann [1966] called  "universal computer construction" so that we may say that the living cell is such a computer based on DNA [Marcer Schempp 1997a]. And while the artificial cloning of a single cell is not yet feasible, what we have been able to do, is to record the DNA-wave information appropriate to these wave sign conditions of the DNA in a cell on laser mirrors, and to use, for example, the recorded DNA-wave information from living seeds in the form of radio waves to resuscitate the corresponding "dead" seeds damaged by radioactivity.
The next step forward is therefore to bring into general use, such wave information and memory as now newly identified in relation to DNA and gene structure. Such applications could be on the basis of, for example,
i) The FPU-recurrence phenomenon, and/or,
ii) The ability to record holograms, as well as,
iii) The recording the polarization-wave DNA’s information onto localized photons.
Regarding volume and speed, such memory could exceed many times over the now available magnetic and optical disks, as well as current classical holographic systems. But in particular, such applications may employ the principles of quantum nonlocality. For DNA and the genome have now been identified as active "laser-like" environments, where, as experimentally shown, chromosome preparations may act as a memory and as "lasers", with the abilities i), ii) and iii) above. And finally there are the quasi-speech features of the DNA, as these concern both natural gene texts, and artificial (synthesized) sign sequences of polynucleotides, which emulate natural quasi-speech gene programs. However, we believe this maybe a rather dangerous path, where a regulatory system of prohibitions on artificial wave genes is indispensable. The reason is that such an approach to DNA-wave biocomputation means entering new semiotic areas of the human genome and the biosphere in general; areas, which are used by the Nature to create humankind. This thought follows from the theoretical studies on a collective symmetry of the genetic code as carried out by the Eigen’s laboratory [Scherbak, 1988] at the Max Planck Institute in Germany. This research shows, that the key part of the information, already recorded and still being recorded as quasi-speech in the chromosomes of all organisms on our planet, may concern semantic exobiological influences, since in regard to DNA-wave biocomputation, DNA acts as a kind of aerial open to the reception of not only the internal influences and changes within the organism but to those outside it as well. Indeed we regard this as one of our primary findings, which in view of quantum nonlocality of organisms extends not only to the organism's local environment, but also beyond it to the extent of the entire universe.
With reference to what we have said already, it is possible to offer the following perspectives on the sign manipulations with gene structures.
1.Creation of artificial memory on genetic molecules, which will indeed possess both fantastic volume and speed.
2.Creation of biocomputers, based on these totally new principles of DNA-wave biocomputation, which use quantum teleportation [Sudbury 1997] and can be compared to the human brain regarding methods of data processing and functional capabilities.
3.The implementation of a remote monitoring of key information processes inside biosystems by means of such artificial biocomputers, resulting in treatments for cancer, AIDS, genetic deformities, control over socio-genetic processes and eventually prolongation of the human life time.
4.Active protection against destructive wave effects, thanks to wave-information channel detectors.
5.Establishing exobiological contacts.

2. What Experiment Confirms, part two, the Experiments

Some of the experiments and computer simulations carried out in Moscow are now described. They set out in more detail how the understanding in sections 1. was arrived at. These descriptions concern the specific apparatus used and results obtained, together with computer simulations carried out to validate specific aspects of the developing understanding,
 

Photograph 1. This first picture shows a photograph of the experimental apparatus. The principal elements are a laser, the light of which is directed through a lens system and a DNA sandwich sample as shown diagrammatically below

Diagram 1.  Illustrates the workings of the experiment which employs a dynamic light scattering system of  the type Malvern.
This understanding is then compared in section 3 with an entirely independently researched prospective obtained by Marcer, and Schempp [1996].
This shows the scattering by the DNA sample of the laser light, which is then guided through another lens system into the type Malvern analysing device, which counts the photons registered in different serial channels.The results of two experiments are shown at end of paper: the first entitled "Background - Empty Space", done without a DNA sample, and the second, with it in place, entitled "Physical DNA in SSC Solution".
The latter has the typical form of a periodically reoccurring pattern, which is of the same functional type as found in an autocorrelation. Such regularly occurring periodic patterns have an interpretation in terms of the phenomenon of so-called Fermi-Pasta-Ulam recurrence, which concerns solitonic waves. That is to say, this interpretation says that roughly speaking, the DNA, considered as a liquid-crystal gel-like state, acts on the incoming light in the manner of a solitonic Fermi-Pasta-Ulam lattice, as illustrated here:

The leading question, if this is the case, is what could such action achieve?  The starting idea was that it must be concerned with the reading of the genetic texts encoded in the DNA, where however this language metaphor is now applied directly to these texts.  That is to say, rather than the usual analogy taking such texts as a digital computer language or symbolic instruction code, such texts are considered instead as having the semantic and generative grammatical features of a spoken or written context dependent human language. That is, we conceived of the DNA acting in the same way as the human would, when presented with a text from a good book on a fascinating theme, which, as it is read, invokes actual 3 dimensional pictures/images in the mind's eye.
The reason for this choice concerned the problem in DNA coding raised by the question of synonymy and homonymy as it applies to the third element/codon of the codon triplets. For while, see figure below, synonymy even seems to provide a kind of redundancy, homonymy constitutes a serious difficulty under the often proposed postulate that only the first two elements of the DNA codon triplet (standing for a particular protein- the picture in the mind's eye, so to speak) are the significant ones. That is to say, how does the reading ribosome know which protein has to be generated, if the third nucleotide in codon’s triplet does not of itself provide the answer with total certainty?  The proposed answer was, that this ambiguity might be resolved by some kind of context dependent reading similar to that inherent in human speech and language understanding.

Figure:  Synonymy versus Homonymy

Satisfyingly, this need to explain how such context-dependent reading might be implemented in the DNA reduplication/reading process, as will be shown, led back to the experimental evidence as presented above, for it supports the postulate that such context dependent reading of the DNA is indeed best understood in the framework of a biosolitonic process model.
A soliton is an ultra stable wave train often with a seemly simple closed shape, which can arise in the context of non-linear wave oscillations. It actually consists of a rather complexly interrelated assembly of sub wave structures, which keep the whole solitonic process in a stationary state over a comparatively long time. In the literature, a soliton is often described as an entity, which is neither a particle nor a wave in much the same way as is a quantum, for it, too has wave/particle duality. It can also be a means to carry information. Solitonic processing in DNA, would therefore, it was hypothesized, relate, in one of its aspects, the reading of the codons, to quantum computing [Patel 2000], and this could therefore concern the soliton viewed as the travelling "window", that opens in the double helix structure as the reading takes place, as is illustrated below:
 

It was therefore decided to model this reading process as a complex mechanical oscillator [Gariaev 1994], capable of producing solitonic wave transmissions, which takes the form of a system of rotary pendulums, like those in a certain type of pendulum clock, as illustrated,
 

to see if the computer simulations could shed more light on just what might be happening in the DNA. In the basic model, illustrated and shown below, each of the oscillatory movements of each element of the linked chain of oscillators depends heavily on the motion of its neighbours, and on the differences in the specific weights of the elements. Imagine now that the DNA forms such a kind of pendulum, whilst the intertwined helices/chains are opened at one particular section to provide the travelling window, as in the previous figure. That is to say, the model to be simulated is a chain of non-linear oscillators, the four types of which can be identified with the Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Thymine (T) or Uracil (C) components DNA, all having different spatial structures and masses, and where there is a travelling window opened in the double helix. Such a model allows a rather complex pattern of oscillation in the DNA chain of elements, depending on the actual layout of the elements as specified by the actual genetic code sequence involved. The window as it travels, is therefore highly context dependent.
Starting at the following sequence:

(5’? ??????)   GGC CTA TGT GGA GAG GAT GAA CTA CGT GCA CCG AGA CCT GCG GGC GGC CAA CAT CCT GGT GGG GGA GAA CCT GGT GTG CAA GGT GGC TGA CTT TGG GCT GGC ACG CCT CAT CGA GGA CAA CGA GTA CAC AGC ACG GCA AGG TGC AAG TTC CCC ATC AAG TGG AGA GCC CCC GAG GCA GCC CTC TAT GGC CGG TTC ACC ATC AAG TCG GAT GTC TGG TCC TTC GGC ATC CTG CTG ACT GAG CTG ACC ACC AAG GGC CGG GTG CCA TAC CCA GGG ATG GGC AAC GGG GAG GTG CTG GAC CGG GTG GAG AGG GGC TAC CGC ATG CCC TGC CCG CCC GAG TGC CCC GAG TCG CTG CAT GAC CTT ATG TGC CAG TGC TGG CGG AGG GAC CCT GGA GGA GCG GCC CAC TTT TCG AGC TAC CTG CAG GCC CAG CTG CTC CCT GCT TGT GTG TTG GAG GTC GCT GAG TAG TGC GCG AGT AAA ATT TAA GCT ACA ACA AGG CAA GGC TTG ACC GAC AAT TGC ATG AAG AAT CTG CTT AGG GTT AGG CGT TTT GCG CTG CTT CGC GAT GTA CGG GCC AGA TAT ACG CGT ATC TGA GGG GAC TAG GGT GTG TTT AGG CGA AAA GCG GGG CTT CGG TTG TAC GCG GTT AGG AGT CCC CTC AGG ATA TAG TAG TTT CGC TTT TGC ATA GGG AGG GGG AAA TGT AGT CTT ATG CAA TAC TCT TGT AGT CTT GCA ACA TGG TAA CGA TGA GTT AGC AAC ATA CCT TAC AAG GAG AGA AAA AGC ACC GTG CAT GCC GAT TGG TGG AAG TAA GGT GTA CGA TCG TGC CTT ATT AGG AAG GCA ACA GAC CGG GTC TGA CAT GGA TTG GAC GAA CCA CTG AAT TCC GCA TCG CAG AGA TAT TGT ATT TAA GTG CCT AGC TCG ATA CAA TAA ACG CCA TTT GAC CAT TCA CCA CAT TGG TGT GCA CCT GGG TTG ATG GCT GGA CCG TCG ATT CCC TAA CGA TTG CGA ACA CCT GAA TGA AGC AGA AGG CTT CAT      1020 (3’-?????)
the figures, which follow, are those of the computer simulation of this process of the travelling window, carried out in relation to a particular fragment of viral DNA. The first two figures with respect to the simulation, where the vertical is the time axis, show what would happen, in case of a context dependent reading beginning from two different nucleotides of the DNA chain, namely the 400th and the 450th respectively.  In both cases these concern activity in the form of a "kink", which runs through the chain of nucleotides, A, C, G, T. The second two figures show even more sophisticated types of context dependent effects. These concern the complex dynamic patterns, which arise when also taking into account the non-linear covalent connections between the nucleotides.

Thus subject to the assumption that DNA is a certain kind of liquid crystal structure with dynamic properties, where the interrelated solitonic activities are linked, as may be supposed, together to form a highly coherent wave structure, then:-
i) The masses of the nucleotides and other parameters show that these oscillatory activities should be located somewhere together in the "acoustic" wave domain, and
ii) That, as a liquid crystal, the DNA could influence the polarization of the weak light emission known to exist in cells, the so called "biophotons".  This kind of emitted light in cells was first discovered by the Russian investigator Alexander Gurwitsch [1923], who called it the "mitogenic radiation". Today it is known from the work of Fritz Albert Popp [Popp, 2000], that such biophotonic or mitogenic light, while being ultraweak, is however on the other hand, highly coherent, so that it has an inherent laser-like light quality.
The experimental setting and the resulting simulations therefore say that:-
iii) The experimental laser beam is simply a substitute for the endogenous intracellular coherent light emitted by the DNA molecule itself, and that
iv) The superimposed coherent waves of different types in the cells are interacting to form diffraction patterns, firstly in the "acoustic" domain, and secondly in the electromagnetic domain. Furthermore such diffraction patterns are by definition (and as is known for example from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [Binz, Schempp 2000a,b] a kind of quantum hologram. Thus, it seems that our original picture is confirmed and that the considered interaction between solitonic oscillations in the liquid crystal structure of DNA, and the polarization vector of the ultraweak biophotonic highly coherent light, could indeed be hypothetically understood as a mechanism of translation between holograms in the "acoustic" frequency domain, which concerns rather short range effects and those in the electromagnetic domain and vice versa.
The basis of such an hypothetical mechanism as a translation process, between acoustic and optical holograms, can be easily illustrated in the laboratory, where, as shown below, there is a fish illuminated in water by means of the acoustic radiation, in such a way that on the surface of the water an interference pattern or hologram forms, such that when this interference pattern is illuminated from above in the right way, by light of a high laser quality, a virtual visual image of the fish appears above the water. It shows that the hologram in question acts as a holographic transducer between the acoustic and electromagnetic domains.

Laboratory illustration of a holographic transducer between the acoustic and electromagnetic domains.
This illustrated transduction when described in terms of the formalization of Huygens' principle of secondary sources [Jessel 1954], has been used as the basis of a new topological computing principle [Fatmi, Resconi 1988] which defines entire classes of non-commutative control structures, Fatmi et al [1990]. It was applied to DNA. and more recently to the brain [Clement et al. 1999].

3. Another Theoretical but Experimentally Validated Perspective - Quantum Holography

Sections 1 and 2 are in excellent agreement with the independently researched model of DNA produced by Marcer and Schempp [1996]. This explains the workings of the DNA-wave biocomputer in terms of a quantum mechanical theory called quantum holography [Schempp 1992] used by Schempp [1998] and Binz and Schempp [2000a,b; 1999] to correctly predict the workings of MRI. These two DNA-wave biocomputer models are also, as cited, in good agreement with qubit model explanation of DNA more recently published by Patel [2000], and earlier independent researched models by Clement et al [1993] and Perez [1991].
 The quantum holographic DNA-wave biocomputer model describes the morphology and dynamics of DNA, as a self-calibrating antenna working by phase conjugate adaptive resonance capable of both receiving and transmitting quantum holographic information stored in the form of diffraction patterns (which in MRI can be shown to be quantum holograms). The model describes how during the development of the embryo of the DNA's organism, these holographic patterns carry the essential holographic information necessary for that development. This would explain the almost miraculous way the multiplying assembly of individual cells is coordinated across the entire organism throughout every stage of its development - in complete agreement with the explanation arrived at in Moscow by Gariaev and his co-workers
 The quantum holographic theory requires that the DNA consists of two antiparallel (phase conjugate) helices, between which (in conformity with DNA's known structure, ie the planes on which the base pairing takes place) the theory says, are located hologram planes/holographic gratings, where the necessary 3 spatial dimensional holographic image data of the organism is stored in agreement with the Gariaev group's hypothesis. It says, as described in relation to laser illumination of a DNA sample, that such illumination can be expected to turn the DNA into a series of active adaptive phase conjugate mirrors (see figure below)/holographic transducers (see figure of laboratory illustration earlier), from which would resonantly emerge a beam of radiation, on which is carried the holographic information as encoded in the DNA. As indeed is the case in the Gariaev group experiments already described. These experiments thus confirm the quantum holographic prediction that DNA functions an antenna capable of both encoding and decoding holographic information. This functionality is also in good agreement with the findings of Schempp [1986] that quantum holography is capable of modelling antennae such as synthetic aperture radars, and that this mathematical description of radar can be applied [Marcer and Schempp 1997] to a model, working by quantum holography, of the neuron. This model is in good accord with the biological neuron's information processing morphology and signal dynamics. As indeed are the quantum holographic models of the brain as a conscious system, and of the prokaryote cell [Marcer, Schempp 1996, 1997a]. It is a viewpoint originally voiced by de Broglie, who presciently pictured the electron as being guided by its own pilot wave or radar! These examples including MRI all demonstrate that quantum holography does indeed incorporate signal theory into quantum physics and it can be hypothesized biocomputation.
 

Phase conjugate mechanism or mirror in the laboratory.Action of an active adaptive phase conjugate mirror.

Furthermore, quantum holography predicts that the planes, in which the base pairing takes place, constitute a "paged" associative holographic memory and filter bank (carrying holograms which can be written and read) and which has no cross talk between the pages. The orthogonality of the holograms encoded on these pages, arises as the result of the sharp frequency adaptive coupling conditions (1), which specify very narrow spectral windows, i.e. the "pages".

(1)   <Hv(a,b; x,y)| Hv(c,d ; x,y)> =  0   when frequency v is not equal  v'
        <Hv(a,b; x,y)| Hv(c,d ; x,y)>    =   <aOb | cOd>      when v = v'

for non-degenerate four wavelet mixing where a,b,c,d  are the corresponding wave functions of the mixing; Hv(a,b; x,y)  is the holographic transform which in quantum holography defines the probability of detecting a wave quantum frequency v within a unit area attached to the point (x,y) of the hologram plane, where the wavelet mixing aOb takes place and is described in terms of a tensor multiplication O.  The orthogonality condition (1) can be seen therefore as specifying a set of diagonal elements or trace Tr in a unit matrix in the frequency domain. It implies, as can be shown, that the Shannon encoding schema employed  in DNA is optimally efficient, which following a billion or more years of evolution, in  DNA could be expected to be the case.
 The conditions (1) are therefore in excellent agreement with Gariaev group's conclusion.  It confirms that the planes on which the base pairing takes places, concerns two quantum holograms, ie the wavelet mixings aOb and cOd, where each specifies a "context", one for the other. Further quantum holography predicts, based on the symmetries of the 3 dimensional representation of the Heisenberg Lie group G, that in relation to the quantum hologram defined by a wavelet mixing aOb, the coherent wavelet packet densities a(t)dt and b(t')dt' are indistinguishable by means of relative time and phase corrections applied to the respective wavelet pathways (x,y) in the hologram plane. That is, to say, the tensor operation O, in the case of quantum holography, describes a quantum entanglement, even though aOb defines a quantum hologram, from which quantum holography shows and MRI proves, holographic information can be both written/encoded and read/decoded.
Thus, mathematically, DNA can on the basis of quantum holography be thought of represented quantum mechanically very simply  by  the trace
Tr < a,b  | c,d  >
such that when the double helix is opened, in accordance with the Gariaev description above, this corresponds to the representation
 < a,b  |   ><   | c,d >
The process of completed duplication of  DNA can therefore represented as
  Tr<a,b | c,d>< a,b | c,d >
because as it is crucial to understand in the case of DNA, the two strands of the double helix are, quantum holography shows, not the same but phase conjugate, ie what biologists call complementary/antiparallel, and so must be represented within the context of DNA itself by a,b and c,d respectively. These pairs differ quantum holography shows, constituting covariant and contragrediant representations, which are essentially topologically cohomologous [Marcer 2000]. It could explain why to quote de Duve [1984], just the two elementary base-pairing {A,U/T}and {G,C} of respectively the nucleotides Adenine and Uracil/Thymine together with Guanine and Cytosine, are needed, to "govern through the two relatively fragile structures they embody, the whole of information transfer throughout the biosphere".  That is to say, in DNA, these two nucleotide base pairings are the universal chemical mechanisms producing the wavelet mixing O on the hologram planes (which they also define) such that DNA can then be given a shorthand description in terms of context dependent genetic texts written in the four letters A,T,G,C.
The topological differentiation referred to above follows from the fact that, while in quantum mechanics, a wave function is only determined up to an arbitrary phase, phase difference is of physical significance (as in holography), because there exists a class of quantum observables, which are the gauge invariant geometric phases of the state vector or wave function [Resta 1997; Schempp 1992; Anandan 1992]. These observables must therefore be distinguished from those which are the eigenvalues of some operator, usually the Hamiltonian or energy function. Such a state vector description (with gauge invariant phases) by means of which each DNA molecule can clearly be expected to be described, would explain the difference between the nature of quantum interference and quantum self interference, which DNA from its double helical structure can thus be recognized to concern.
In the above means of representing DNA therefore,  |  ><  |  represents by the quantum correspondence principle, the quantum soliton control [see also, Denschlag et al, 2000] or wavepacket activity rather than its classical soliton counterpart, which was the subject of the Moscow computer simulations. These all confirm the Gariaev group's conclusions reached as a result of their experiments, that DNA functions as a quantum coherent system/assembly (of now quantum oscillators) or whole, by means of quantum entanglement.  A whole, where as (1) shows, this may be decomposed into an orthogonal family of holographically encoded 3 spatial dimensional images in line with the usual description of a quantum mechanical diagonalization. It also says in line with the Gariaev group's findings that DNA can be described as an "autocorrelation", where as shown here, this is an optimally efficient decomposition into a decorrelated family of holographic code primitives /holograms, and that this, as Schempp[1992] shows, follows from the fact a quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator (in this case the highly complex DNA molecule itself) is equivalent to an assembly of bosons each having one polarization state. The latter substantiates the Gariaev group conclusion that they have indeed discovered an entirely new form of electromagnetic vector by means of which holographic images are carried in the form of a polarization state, suitable for a new form of cinema, video and computer.
 Quantum holography says that DNA satisfies the principle of computer construction [Von Neumann, 1966], since it carries a copy of itself, and is
(a) its own blueprint written in the genetic texts, where the mechanism engineering the DNA replication is the biophotonic electromagnetic field, while the "letters" of the genetic texts A, G, C, U are held invariant, but where,
(b) in the case of the replication of the organism, for which DNA is the blueprint written in the holographic information, the reverse is the case. That is, it is the "acoustic field" in this case, which mechanically constructs/engineers the organism out of the available matter, in accordance with the information held in the electromagnetic field holograms (these being held invariant in this case). This must therefore mean that Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine are invariants structures/weightings in both the acoustic and electromagnetic field domains. These mechanisms therefore correspond with the know basic features of quantum communication/information transfer known as quantum teleportation, which consists of two inseparable signal processes one classical, one quantum.  The latter is instantaneous transmission from X to Y (unlimited in principle as to distance), but which cannot be used without the other, which is transmission from X to Y by conventional means at the speed of light or lower.  In the case of DNA, therefore, it is the existence of the genetic text of the organism itself which constitutes the classical signal process of quantum teleportation, able to facilitate the quantum mechanical signal processes of both the copying of the DNA as its own blueprint, and of the construction of the organism (for which DNA is the blueprint) in a massively parallel way by the means of quantum teleportation.
  Remarkably too, quantum holography also confirms and is confirmed by another astonishing experimental finding. This is the so-called  "DNA-Phantom-Effect" [Gariaev, Junin, 1989; Gariaev et al, 1991; Gariaev, 1994], a very intriguing phenomenon, widely discussed, when it was first found by Peter Gariaev. Later similar phenomenon termed “mimicking the effect of dust” [Allison et al, 1990]. was detected by group of R.Pecora. This is the discovery that the pattern below, found in the first experiment described, when a laser illuminated DNA, does not immediately disappear if the DNA samples are removed from the apparatus. It continues in different form for sometime. An explanation would be that quantum holography defines an admitter/absorber quantum vacuum model of quantum mechanics in terms of annihilation/creation operators [Schempp 1993], implying that DNA does indeed behave like a single quantum, which induces a "hole" temporarily in the vacuum by its removal.
 
 
 

Graphs (a),(b) and (c): "Background - Empty Space", Physical DNA in SSC Solution" and "Phantom DNA" respectively
References

Adleman L.M. 1994, Molecular Computation of Solutions to Combinatorial Problems, Science, 266, 11th November 1021-1024.
Allison S.A., Sorlie S., Pecora R., 1990, Macromolecules, v.23, 1110-1118.
Anandan J. 1992, The geometric phase, Nature, 360, 26, 307-313
Binz E. Schempp W. 2000a Creating Magnetic Resonance Images, Proceedings CASYS'99, International Journal of Computing Anticipatory Systems, 7, 223-232.
Binz E. Schempp W. 2000b, A Unitary Parallel Filter Bank Approach to Magnetic Resonance Tomography, American Institute of Physics Proceedings 517 of the 3rd International Conference on Computing Anticipatory System, editor Dubois D. August 9-14, 1999, Liege, Belgium, 406-416.
Binz E., Schempp W. 1999, Quantum Teleportation and Spin Echo, Unitary Symplectic Spinor Approach. In. Aspects of Complex Analysis, Differential Geometry, Mathematical Physics and Applications, Dimiev S. Sekigawa K. editors, World Scientific, 314-365.
Bouwmeester D. et al., 1997, Experimental Quantum Teleportation, Nature, 390, 11th December 575-579
Clement B.E.P. Coveney P.V. Marcer P. 1993, Surreal numbers and optimal encodings for universal computation as a physical process: an interpretation of the genetic code. CCAI Journal, 10, 1/2, 149-164.
Clement B.E.P. Coveney P.V, Jessel M. and Marcer P. 1999, The Brain as a Huygens’ Machine. Informatica 23, 389-398.
Denschlag J. et al, 2000, Generating Solitons by Phase Engineering of a Bose-Einstein Condensate, Science, 287, 7th January, 97-101
Dubois D., 1992, The Fractal Machine, Liege University Press, Liege.
de Duve  C. 1984 A Guide Tour of the Living Cell, volume two, Scientific American Library,
Fatmi H.A. and Resconi G. 1988, A New Computing Principle, Il Nuovo Cimento, 101B, 2, 239-242.
Fatmi H.A., Jessel M., Marcer P.and  Resconi G. 1990, Theory of Cybernetic and Intelligent Machine based on Lie Commutator. International Journal of General Systems, 16, 123-164.
Fermi E., 1972, Proceedings. Moscow. Science. v.11.
Gariaev P.P., Junin A.M., 1989, Energy, no10, 46-52. [in Russian]
Gariaev P.P., Chudin V.I., Komissarov G.G., Berezin A.A., Vasiliev A.A., 1991, Proc. SPIE, v.1621, 280-291.
Gariaev P.P, 1994, Wave genome, Public Profit. Moscow. 279 pages [in Russian].
Gurwitsch A., 1923, Versuch einer synthetishen Biologie. Schaxels Abh. Z. theor. Biol. H. 17.
Ho M-W, 1993, The Rainbow and the Worm: The Physics of Organisms, World Scientific, Singapore.
Jessel M. 1954, Une formulation analytique du principe de Huygens, Comptes Rendus, 239, 1599-1601.
Marcer P. 1992, Designing New Intelligent Machines - The Huygens' Machine, CCAI
Journal for the Integrated Study of Artificial Intelligence and Applied Epistemology, 9,4, 373-392. 4, 373-392.
Marcer P. 2000, Hypercomputation, Third  International Conference on Computing Anticipatory Systems, CASYS '99,  Liege,  Symposium 9 on Quantum Neural Information Processing,  Journal of  Computing Anticipatory Systems, ed. Dubois D., vol. 7, 288-312.
Marcer P. this volume, Quantum Millennium, Quantum Universe, Quantum Biosphere, Quantum Man.
Marcer P. (in press) Anticipation and Meaning, CASYS 2000, International Conference on Computing Anticipatory Systems, AIP Conference Proceedings, ed Dubois D.
Marcer P. and Schempp W., 1996, A Mathematically Specified Template For DNA And The Genetic Code, In Terms Of The Physically Realizable Processes Of Quantum Holography, Proceedings of the Greenwich Symposium on Living Computers, editors Fedorec A. and Marcer P., 45-62.
Marcer P., Schempp W. 1997, Model of the Neuron working by Quantum Holography, Informatica 21, 5 19-534.
Marcer P and Schempp W., 1997a, The Model of the Prokaryote cell as an Anticipatory System Working by Quantum Holography, Proceedings of CASYS 97, 11-15, August, HEC-Liege, Belgium, International Journal of Computing Anticipatory Systems, v.2, 307-315.
Marcer P., Schempp W. 1998, The brain as a conscious system, International Journal of General Systems, 27, 1/3, 231-248.
Maslow M.U., Gariaev P.P., Fractal Presentation of Natural Language Texts and Genetic Code, 2nd International Conference on Quantitative Linguistics", QUALICO '94,  Moscow, September 20-24, 193-194, 1994
Patel A. 2000, Quantum Algorithms and the Genetic Code, Proceedings of the Winter Institute of Quantum Theory and Quantum Optics, 1-13 January, S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Calcutta, India.
Perez J-C, 1991, De l'ordre et du chaos dans l'ADN, Science et Technology, April, 36, 40-47.
Pribram K.H. 1991, Brain and Perception; Holonomy and Structure in Figural Processing, Lawrence Eribaum Associates, New Jersey.
Popp F.A., 2000, Some features of biophotons and their interpretation in terms of coherent states. Biophotonics and Coherent Systems. Proc. 2nd A.Gurwitsch Conference and Additional Contributions. Moscow University Press. Ed. L.Beloussov et al., 117-133.
Resta R., 1997, Polarization as a Berry Phase,(The Berry Phase), Europhysics News, 28,19
Rice S.A. 1992, New Ideas for Guiding the Evolution of a Quantum System, Science, 258, 16th October, 412-413.
Schempp W. 1986, Harmonic Analysis on the Heisenberg Group with Applications in Signal Theory, Pitman Notes in Mathematics Series, 14, Longman Scientific and Technical, London.
Schempp W. 1992, Quantum holography and Neurocomputer Architectures, Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision, 2, 279-326.
Schempp W., 1993, Bohr’s Indeterminacy Principle In Quantum Holography, Self-adaptive Neural Network Architectures, Cortical Self-organization, Molecular Computers, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Solitonic Nanotechnology, Nanobiology 2, 109-164.
Schempp W. 1998, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Mathematical Foundations and Applications, John Wiley, New York.
Scherbak V.I., 1988, J. Theor. Biol., v.132, 121-124.
Schleich W.P. 1999, Sculpting a Wavepacket, Nature, 397, 21st January, 207-208.
Sudbery T. 1997, The Fastest Way from A to B., Nature, 390, 11th December,551-552
Sutherland J. 1999, Holographic/Quantum Neural Technology, Systems and Applications, an ANDCorporation documented plenary presentation for the 3rd International Conference on Computing Anticipatory Systems, 8-14 August, HEC Liege, Belgium. International Journal of Computing Anticipatory System, 2000, 7, 313-334, sutherland@andcorporation.com. and http://www.andcorporation.com.
Von Neumann J. 1966, Theory of A Self-reproducing Automaton, University of Illinois Press, Urbana and London.

TWM

The DNA PHANTOM EFFECT: Direct Measurement of A New Field in the Vacuum Substructure - by Dr. Vladimir Poponin

NOTE: UPDATE ON DNA PHANTOM EFFECT (19/ 3 / 02) Below is an email to TWM from Dr. Peter Gariaev, a joint researcher with Dr. Poponin.More info about Peter Gariaev's work - click here.

INTRODUCTION In this contribution I am going to describe some observations and interpretations of a recently discovered anomalous phenomenon which we are calling the DNA Phantom Effect in Vitro or the DNA Phantom for short. We believe this discovery has tremendous significance for the explanation and deeper understandings of the mechanisms underlying subtle energy phenomena including many of the observed alternative healing phenomena [1,2]. This data also supports the heart intelligence concept and model developed by Doc Lew Childre [3,4]. (See also contributions by Rollin McCraty and Glen Rein in this volume). This new phenomenon -- the DNA phantom effect -- was first observed in Moscow at the Russian Academy of Sciences as a surprise effect during experiments measuring the vibrational modes of DNA in solution using a sophisticated and expensive "MALVERN" laser photon correlation spectrometer (LPCS) [5]. These effects were analyzed and interpreted by Gariaev and Poponin [6]. The new feature that makes this discovery distinctly different from many other previously undertaken attempts to measure and identify subtle energy fields [1] is that the field of the DNA phantom has the ability to be coupled to conventional electromagnetic fields of laser radiation and as a consequence, it can be reliably detected and positively identified using standard optical techniques. Furthermore, it seems very plausible that the DNA phantom effect is an example of subtle energy manifestation in which direct human influence is not involved. These experimental data provide us not only quantitative data concerning the coupling constant between the DNA phantom field and the electromagnetic field of the laser light but also provides qualitative and quantitative information about the nonlinear dynamics of the phantom DNA fields. Note that both types of data are crucial for the development of a new unified nonlinear quantum field theory which must include the physical theory of consciousness and should be based on a precise quantitative background. RESULTS The background leading to the discovery of the DNA phantom and a description of the experimental set up and conditions will be helpful. A block diagram of the laser photon correlation spectrometer used in these experiments is presented in Figure 1. In each set of experimental measurements with DNA samples, several double control measurements are performed. These measurements are performed prior to the DNA being placed in the scattering chamber. When the scattering chamber of the LPCS is void of physical DNA, and neither are there are any phantom DNA fields present, the autocorrelation function of scattered light looks like the one shown in Figure 2a. This typical control plot represents only background random noise counts of the photomultiplier. Note that the intensity of the background noise counts is very small and the distribution of the number of counts per channel is close to random. Figure 2b demonstrates a typical time autocorrelation function when a physical DNA sample is placed in the scattering chamber, and typically has the shape of an oscillatory and slowly exponentially decaying function. When the DNA is removed from the scattering chamber, one anticipates that the autocorrelation function will be the same as before the DNA was placed in the scattering chamber. Surprisingly and counter-intuitively it turns out that the autocorrelation function measured just after the removal of the DNA from the scattering chamber looks distinctly different from the one obtained before the DNA was placed in the chamber. Two examples of the autocorrelation functions measured just after the removal of the physical DNA are shown in Figures 2c and d. After duplicating this many times and checking the equipment in every conceivable way, we were forced to accept the working hypothesis that some new field structure is being excited from the physical vacuum. We termed this the DNA phantom in order to emphasize that its origin is related with the physical DNA. We have not yet observed this effect with other substances in the chamber. After the discovery of this effect we began a more rigorous and continuous study of this phenomena. We have found that, as long as the space in the scattering chamber is not disturbed, we are able to measure this effect for long periods of time. In several cases we have observed it for up to a month. It is important to emphasize that two conditions are necessary in order to observe the DNA phantoms. The first is the presence of the DNA molecule and the second is the exposure of the DNA to weak coherent laser radiation. This last condition has been shown to work with two different frequencies of laser radiation. Perhaps the most important finding of these experiments is that they provide an opportunity to study the vacuum substructure on strictly scientific and quantitative grounds. This is possible due to the phantom field's intrinsic ability to couple with conventional electromagnetic fields. The value of the coupling constant between the DNA phantom field and the electromagnetic field of the laser radiation can be estimated from the intensity of scattered light. The first preliminary set of experiments carried out in Moscow and Stanford have allowed us to reliably detect the phantom effect; however, more measurements of the light scattering from the DNA phantom fields are necessary for a more precise determination of the value of the EMF-DNA phantom field coupling constant. THEORY It is fortunate that the experimental data provides us with qualitative and quantitative information about the nonlinear dynamical properties of the phantom DNA fields. Namely, these experimental data suggest that localized excitations of DNA phantom fields are long living and can exist in non-moving and slowly propagating states. This type of behavior is distinctly different from the behavior demonstrated by other well known nonlinear localized excitations such as solitons which are currently considered to be the best explanation of how vibrational energy propagates through the DNA. It is a remarkable and striking coincidence that a new class of localized solutions to anharmonic Fermi-Pasta-Ulam lattice (FPU) - nonlinear localized excitations (NLE), which have been recently obtained [7], demonstrate very similar dynamical features to those of the DNA phantom. Nonlinear localized excitations predicted by the FPU model also have unusually long life-times. Furthermore, they can exist in both stationary or slowly propagating forms. In Figure 3, one example of a NLE is shown which illustrates three stationary localized excitations generated by numerical simulation using the FPU model [7]. It is worthy to note that this NLE has a surprisingly long life-time. Here, we present only one of the many possible examples of the patterns for stationary excitations which are theoretically predicted. Slowly propagating and long lived NLE are also predicted by this theory. Note that the FPU model can successfully explain the diversity and main features of the DNA phantom dynamical patterns. This model is suggested as the basis for a more general nonlinear quantum theory which may explain many of the observed subtle energy phenomena and eventually could provide a physical theory of consciousness. According to our current hypothesis, the DNA phantom effect may be interpreted as a manifestation of a new physical vacuum substructure which has been previously overlooked. It appears that this substructure can be excited from the physical vacuum in a range of energies close to zero energy provided certain specific conditions are fulfilled which are specified above. Furthermore, one can suggest that the DNA phantom effect is a specific example of a more general category of electromagnetic phantom effects [8]. This suggests that the electromagnetic phantom effect is a more fundamental phenomenon which can be used to explain other observed phantom effects including the phantom leaf effect and the phantom limb [9].  Dr. Poponin is a quantum physicist who is recognized world wide as a leading expert in quantum biology, including the nonlinear dynamics of DNA and the interactions of weak electromagnetic fields with biological systems. He is the Senior Research Scientist at the Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and is currently working with the Institute of HeartMath in a collaborative research project between IHM and the RAS. He can be contacted at Institute of HeartMath, Research Division, 14700 West Park Ave. Boulder Creek, CA 95006. Phone 408-338-8700, Fax 408-338-1182.  References 1. W.A. Tiller. What Are Subtle Energies? Journal of Scientific Exploration. Vol.7, p.293-304 (1993). 2. G. Rein and R. McCraty. Structural Changes in Water and DNA Associated with New Physiologically Measured States. Journal of Scientific Exploration. Vol.8, 3 p.438 (1994). 3. D.L. Childre. Self Empowerment. Boulder Creek: Planetary Publications, 1992. 4. S. Paddison. The Hidden Power of the Heart. Boulder Creek: Planetary Publications, 1992. 5. P.P. Gariaev, K.V. Grigor'ev, A.A. Vasil'ev, V.P. Poponin and V.A. Shcheglov. Investigation of the Fluctuation Dynamics of DNA Solutions by Laser Correlation Spectroscopy. Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute, n. 11-12, p. 23-30 (1992). 6. P.P. Gariaev and V.P. Poponin. Vacuum DNA phantom effect in vitro and its possible rational explanation. Nanobiology 1995 (in press). 7. V.P. Poponin. Modeling of NLE dynamics in one dimensional anharmonic FPU-lattice. Physics Letters A. (in press). 8. V. Tatur. The secrets of new thinking. Progress Publisher, Moscow, 1990, 200 p. (Russian). 9. J. K. Chouldhury et al., J. Inst. Eng. (India). 1979, v. 60, Pt EL3, p. 61-73.
 

This is from a newsletter sent by Joshua Books referencing this important DNA-wave work:

RUSSIAN DNA DISCOVERIES

The human DNA is a biological Internet and superior in many aspects
to the artificial one. The latest Russian scientific research
directly or indirectly explains phenomena such as clairvoyance,
intuition, spontaneous and remote acts of healing, self healing,
affirmation techniques, unusual light/auras around people (namely
spiritual masters), mind's influence on weather patterns and much
more. In addition, there is evidence for a whole new type of
medicine in which DNA can be influenced and reprogrammed by words
and frequencies WITHOUT cutting out and replacing single genes.

Only 10% of our DNA is being used for building proteins. It is this
subset of DNA that is of interest to western researchers and is being
examined and categorized. The other 90% are considered "junk DNA."
The Russian researchers, however, convinced that nature was not dumb,
joined linguists and geneticists in a venture to explore those 90% of
"junk DNA."  Their results, findings and conclusions are simply
revolutionary!

According to them, our DNA is not only responsible for the
construction of our body but also serves as data storage and in
communication. The Russian linguists found that the genetic code,
especially in the apparently useless 90%, follows the same rules as
all our human languages. To this end they compared the rules of
syntax (the way in which words are put together to form phrases and
sentences), semantics (the study of meaning in language forms) and
the basic rules of grammar.

They found that the alkalines of our DNA follow a regular grammar
and do have set rules just like our languages. So human languages did
not appear coincidentally but are a reflection of our inherent DNA.

The Russian biophysicist and molecular biologist Pjotr Garjajev and
his colleagues also explored the vibrational behavior of the DNA.
[For the sake of brevity I will give only a summary here. For further
exploration please refer to the appendix at the end of this article.]

The bottom line was: "Living chromosomes function just like
solitonic/holographic computers using the endogenous DNA laser
radiation."  This means that they managed for example to modulate
certain frequency patterns onto a laser ray and with it influenced
the DNA frequency and thus the enetic information itself. Since the
basic structure of DNA- alkaline pairs and of language (as explained
earlier) are of the same structure, no DNA decoding is necessary.
One can simply use words and sentences of the human language!

This, too, was experimentally proven! Living DNA substance (in
living tissue, not in vitro) will always react to language-modulated
laser rays and even to radio waves, if the proper frequencies are
being used. This finally and scientifically explains why
affirmations, autogenous training, hypnosis and the like can have
such strong effects on humans and their bodies. It is entirely normal
and natural for our DNA to react to language. While western
researchers cut single genes from the DNA strands and insert them
elsewhere, the Russians enthusiastically worked on devices that can
influence the cellular metabolism through suitable modulated radio
and light frequencies and thus repair genetic defects.

Garjajev's research group succeeded in proving that with this method
chromosomes damaged by x-rays for example can be repaired. They even
captured information patterns of a particular DNA and transmitted it
onto another, thus reprogramming cells to another genome. So they
successfully transformed, for example, frog embryos to salamander
embryos simply by transmitting the DNA information patterns! This way
the entire information was transmitted without any of the side
effects or disharmonies encountered when cutting out and re-
introducing single genes from the DNA.

This represents an unbelievable, world-transforming revolution and
sensation! All this by simply applying vibration and language
instead of the archaic cutting-out procedure!  This experiment
points to the immense power of wave genetics, which obviously has a
greater influence on the formation of organisms than the biochemical
processes of alkaline sequences. Esoteric and spiritual teachers have
known for ages that our body is programmable by language, words and
thought. This has now been scientifically proven and explained.

Of course the frequency has to be correct. And this is why not
everybody is equally successful or can do it with always the same
strength. The individual person must work on the inner processes and
maturity in order to establish a conscious communication with the
DNA. The Russian researchers work on a method that is not dependent
on these factors but will ALWAYS work, provided one uses the correct
frequency.

But the higher developed an individual's consciousness is, the less
need is there for any type of device! One can achieve these results
by oneself, and science will finally stop to laugh at such ideas and
will confirm and explain the results. And it doesn't end there.

The Russian scientists also found out that our DNA can cause
disturbing patterns in the vacuum, thus producing magnetized
wormholes! Wormholes are the microscopic equivalents of the so-called
Einstein-Rosen bridges in the vicinity of black holes (left by burned-
out stars). These are tunnel connections between entirely different
areas in the universe through which information can be transmitted
outside of space and time.

The DNA attracts these bits of information and passes them on to our
consciousness. This process of hypercommunication is most effective
in a state of relaxation. Stress, worries or a hyperactive intellect
prevent successful hypercommunication or the information will be
totally distorted and useless. In nature, hypercommunication has been
successfully applied for millions of years. The organized flow of
life in insect states proves this dramatically. Modern man knows it
only on a much more subtle level as "intuition." But we, too, can
regain full use of it.

An example from Nature: When a queen ant is spatially separated from
her colony, building still continues fervently and according to plan.
If the queen is killed, however, all work in the colony stops. No ant
knows what to do. Apparently the queen sends the "building plans"
also from far away via the group consciousness of her subjects. She
can be as far away as she wants, as long as she is alive. In man,
hypercommunication is most often encountered when one suddenly gains
access to information that is outside one's knowledge base. Such
hypercommunication is then experienced as inspiration or intuition.
The Italian composer Giuseppe Tartini for instance dreamt one night
that a devil sat at his bedside playing the violin. The next morning
Tartini was able to note down the piece exactly from memory, he
called it the Devil's Trill Sonata.

For years, a 42-year old male nurse dreamt of a situation in which
he was hooked up to a kind of knowledge CD-ROM. Verifiable knowledge
from all imaginable fields was then transmitted to him that he was
able to recall in the morning. There was such a flood of information
that it seemed a whole encyclopaedia was transmitted at night. The
majority of facts were outside his personal knowledge base and
reached technical details about which he knew absolutely nothing.

When hypercommunication occurs, one can observe in the DNA as well
as in the human being special phenomena. The Russian scientists
irradiated DNA samples with laser light. On screen a typical wave
pattern was formed.  When they removed the DNA sample, the wave
pattern did not disappear, it remained. Many control experiments
showed that the pattern still came from the removed sample, whose
energy field apparently remained by itself. This effect is now called
phantom DNA effect. It is surmised that energy from outside of space
and time still flows through the activated wormholes after the DNA
was removed. The side effect encountered most often in
hypercommunication also in human beings are inexplicable
electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of the persons concerned.
Electronic devices like CD players and the like can be irritated and
cease to function for hours. When the electromagnetic
field slowly dissipates, the devices function normally again.

Many healers and psychics know this effect from their work. The
better the atmosphere and the energy, the more frustrating it is
that the recording device stops functioning and recording exactly at
that moment. And repeated switching on and off after the session
does not restore function yet, but next morning all is back to normal.
Perhaps this is reassuring to read for many, as it has nothing to do
with them being technically inept, it means they are good at
hypercommunication.

In their book "Vernetzte Intelligenz" (Networked Intelligence),
Grazyna Gosar and Franz Bludorf explain these connections precisely
and clearly.

The authors also quote sources presuming that in earlier times
humanity had been, just like the animals, very strongly connected to
the group consciousness and acted as a group. To develop and
experience individuality we humans however had to forget
hypercommunication almost completely. Now that we are fairly stable
in our individual consciousness, we can create a new form of group
consciousness, namely one, in which we attain access to all
information via our DNA without being forced or remotely controlled
about what to do with that information.

We now know that just as on the internet our DNA can feed its proper
data into the network, can call up data from the network and can
establish contact with other participants in the network. Remote
healing, telepathy or "remote sensing" about the state of relatives
etc. can thus be explained.

Some animals know also from afar when their owners plan to return
home. That can be freshly interpreted and explained via the concepts
of group consciousness and hypercommunication. Any collective
consciousness cannot be sensibly used over any period of time without
a distinctive individuality. Otherwise we would revert to a primitive
herd instinct that is easily manipulated.

Hypercommunication in the new millennium means something quite
different: Researchers think that if humans with full individuality
would regain group consciousness, they would have a god-like power to
create, alter and shape things on Earth! AND humanity is collectively
moving toward such a group consciousness of the new kind. Fifty
percent of today's children will be problem children as soon as the
go to school. The system lumps everyone together and demands
adjustment. But the individuality of today's children is so strong
that that they refuse this adjustment and giving up their
idiosyncrasies in the most diverse ways. At the same time more and
more clairvoyant children are born [see the book "China's Indigo
Children" by Paul Dong or the chapter about Indigos in my book
"Nutze die taeglichen Wunder" (Make Use of the Daily Wonders)].
Something in those children is striving more and more towards the
group consciousness of the new kind, and it will no longer be
suppressed.

As a rule, weather for example is rather difficult to influence by a
single individual. But it may be influenced by a group consciousness
(nothing new to some tribes doing it in their rain dances). Weather
is strongly influenced by Earth resonance frequencies, the so-called
Schumann frequencies. But those same frequencies are also produced in
our brains, and when many people synchronize their thinking or
individuals (spiritual masters, for instance) focus their thoughts
in a laser-like fashion, then it is scientifically speaking not at
all surprising if they can thus influence weather.

Researchers in group consciousness have formulated the theory of
Type I civilizations. A humanity that developed a group consciousness
of the new kind would have neither environmental problems nor
scarcity of energy. For if it were to use its mental power as a
unified civilization, it would have control of the energies of its
home planet as a natural consequence. And that includes all natural
catastrophes!!!

A theoretical Type II civilization would even be able to control all
energies of their home galaxy. In my book "Nutze die taeglichen
Wunder," I have described an example of this: Whenever a great many
people focus their attention or consciousness on something similar
like Christmas time, football world championship or the funeral of
Lady Diana in England then certain random number generators in
computers start to deliver ordered numbers instead of the random
ones. An ordered group consciousness creates order in its whole
surroundings!!! [http://noosphere.princeton.edu/fristwall2.html] [1]

When a great number of people get together very closely, potentials
of violence also dissolve. It looks as if here, too, a kind of
humanitarian consciousness of all humanity is created. At the Love
Parade, for example, where every year about one million of young
people congregate, there has never been any brutal riots as they
occur for instance at sports events. The name of the event alone is
not seen as the cause here. The result of an analysis indicated
rather that the number of people was TOO GREAT to allow a tipping
over to violence.

To come back to the DNA: It apparently is also an organic
superconductor that can work at normal body temperature. Artificial
superconductors require extremely low temperatures of between 200 and
140°C to function.

As one recently learned, all superconductors are able to store light
and thus information. This is a further explanation of how the DNA
can store information. There is another phenomenon linked to DNA and
wormholes.  Normally, these supersmall wormholes are highly unstable
and are maintained only for the tiniest fractions of a second. Under
certain conditions (read about it in the Fosar/Bludorf book above)
stable wormholes can organize themselves which then form distinctive
vacuum domains in which for example gravity can transform into
electricity.  Vacuum domains are self-radiant balls of ionized gas
that contain considerable amounts of energy. There are regions in
Russia where such radiant balls appear very often. Following the
ensuing confusion the Russians started massive research programs
leading finally to some of the discoveries mentions above.

Many people know vacuum domains as shiny balls in the sky. The
attentive look at them in wonder and ask themselves, what they could
be. I thought once: "Hello up there. If you happen to be a UFO, fly
in a triangle." And suddenly, the light balls moved in a triangle.
Or they shot across the sky like ice hockey pucks.  They accelerated
from zero to crazy speeds while sliding gently across the sky. One
is left gawking and I have, as many others, too, thought them to be
UFOs. Friendly ones, apparently, as they flew in triangles just to
please me. Now the Russians found in the regions where vacuum domains
appear often they sometimes fly as balls of light from the ground
upwards into the sky, that these balls can be guided by thought.
One has found out since that vacuum domains emit waves of low
frequency as they are also produced in our brains.

And because of this similarity of waves they are able to react to
our thoughts. To run excitedly into one that is on ground level might
not be such a great idea, because those balls of light can contain
immense energies and are able to mutate our genes. They can, they
don't necessarily have to, one has to say. For many spiritual teachers
also produce such visible balls or columns of light in deep
meditation or during energy work which trigger decidedly pleasant
feelings and do not cause any harm. Apparently this is also dependent
on some inner order and on the quality and provenance of the vacuum
domain. There are some spiritual teachers (the young Englishman
Ananda, for example) with whom nothing is seen at first, but when one
tries to take a photograph while they sit and speak or meditate in
hypercommunication, one gets only a picture of a white cloud on a
chair. In some Earth healing projects such light effects also appear
on photographs.

Simply put, these phenomena have to do with gravity and anti-gravity
forces that are also exactly described in the book and with ever
more stable wormholes and hypercommunication and thus with energies
from outside our time and space structure. Earlier generations that
got in contact with such hypercommunication experiences and visible
vacuum domains were convinced that an angel had appeared before them.
And we cannot be too sure to what forms of consciousness we can get
access when using hypercommunication. Not having scientific proof for
their actual existence (people having had such experiences do NOT all
suffer from hallucinations) does not mean that there is no
metaphysical background to it. We have simply made another giant step
towards understanding our reality.

Official science also knows of gravity anomalies on Earth (that
contribute to the formation of vacuum domains), but only of ones of
below one percent. But recently gravity anomalies have been found of
between three and four percent. One of these places is Rocca di Papa,
south of Rome (exact location in the book "Vernetzte Intelligenz"
plus several others). Round objects of all kinds, from balls to full
buses, roll uphill. But the stretch in Rocca di Papa is rather short,
and defying logic sceptics still flee to the theory of optical
illusion (which it cannot be due to several features of the location).

All informations are from the book "Vernetzte Intelligenz" von
Grazyna Fosar und Franz Bludorf, ISBN 3930243237, summarized and
commented by Baerbel. The book is unfortunately only available in
German so far. You can reach the authors here: [www.fosar-
bludorf.com] [2]; Transmitted by Vitae Bergman
[www.ryze.com/view.php?who=vitaeb] [3]
 

Spin Cycle: Rotating nuclei share a few moments of inertia

I Imagine an ice skater twirling about the tip of one of his blades. If he
subsequently grabs weights in each outstretched hand, he will change his
mass and, hence, his moment of inertia. Intuitively, one would guess that
his rotation would be different each time he changes mass. But in the
subatomic world, intuitive thinking often proves inadequate. Researchers at
the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory have been finding that rapidly spinning
nuclei with different masses have similar--if not exactly the same--moments
of inertia. "Something's going on," says Frank S. Stephens, a physicist at
the Lawrence Berkeley lab, "and for reasons we don't understand yet."

A spinning nucleus results from an off-center collision between two nuclei
that fuse to form a rapidly spinning, elongated body. The deformed nucleus
can take the shape of an American football, a doorknob or possibly even a
banana, depending on the collision energy and the nuclei. In a typically
deformed nucleus, the long axis exceeds the two short axes by about a
factor of 1.3. Nuclei whose long axis is about twice that of its short ones
are called superdeformed.

It is in these superdeformed nuclei that curious goings-on have taken
place. A spinning, superdeformed nucleus slows down in discrete steps, each
time emitting gamma rays, or highly energetic photons. The emissions
produce a characteristic band of energy spikes, all spaced equally apart.
The surprise: the spectra of some different superdeformed nuclei were
almost identical.

In other words, it doesn't matter how many weights the figure skater holds.
The nuclei had similar moments of inertia and were losing angular momentum
in the same steps. Adding a couple of neutrons to an element might not do
anything to the moment of inertia.

The phenomenon was first noticed in 1989, when Peter J. Twin, now at the
University  of Liverpool, reported identical bands in dysprosium and
terbium isotopes. These nuclei consist of about 150 nucleons (protons and
neutrons). Since then, researchers from Lawrence Berkeley and the Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory have discovered many other similar bands,
especially in nuclei in the mass 190 region, such as mercury, thallium and
their isotopes. "These bands introduce features that are new to the study
of nuclei," says Richard M. Diamond, one of Stephens's collaborators.

Why the nuclei have similar, if not identical, rotational inertias is not
well understood. "In general, one expects variation of the moment of
inertia with mass," says Richard R. Chasman, a physicist at the Argonne
National Laboratory. Other factors, such as the shape of the nucleus,
should "make changes that are bigger than what we are observing," Stephens
says. Conceivably, the superdeformed nucleus could be so stable that the
angular momentum of the additional nucleons does not affect the gamma ray
spectra. Still, a full explanation "is pretty obscure at this point,"
Chasman notes.

Although the similar moments of inertia are astonishing in themselves, the
spectra surprised the investigators in another way. The position of the
peaks in the different bands coincided. The alignment implies that an
additional nucleon adds angular momentum in integer or half integer, or
quantized, units "The particle could have added any amount of angular
momentum," Stephens says, adding that in fact "there's no reason it should
be quantized."

A partial explanation for the quantum sized spin alignment may involve a
concept called pseudospin. Nuclei can be considered to have shells, or
bunchings of energy levels, that protons and neutrons fill up, much the way
electron  fill up orbitals of atoms. In the spinning nucleus, the shells
spread out, resulting in a reorganization of some nucleons into partial, or
pseudo, shells. The intrinsic spins of the nucleons end up pointing along
the rotation axis of the superdeformed nucleus. "It doesn't explain every
thing," Stephens remarks, "but most researchers think that pseudo spin has
to be involved in some way.. Other investigators have proposed that the
extra nucleons add no angular momentum whatsoever. Zero, after all, is an
integer. But why additional particle would not add any spin is also hard to
explain.

Answers to these puzzling phenomena may depend on more sensitive
instruments, ones able to tease more information out of the superdeformed
nuclei. Such a detector, called Gammasphere, is scheduled to start
operating at Lawrence Berkeley early in 1993. The formidably named device
will be able to detect gamma rays 100 times weaker than current instruments.

In the meantime, physicists are trying to come up with a single theory to
account for all the observed mysteries. "We're at a nice stage right now,"
Stephens says. "There are a lot of ideas on the market."   -Philip Yam

Philip Yam, p. 26, Scientific American, October 1991

¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤

New research suggests water remembers what has been dissolved in it, even
after dilution beyond the point where no molecule of the original
substances could remain. Dr. Mae-Wan Ho reports.

For more than a century, practitioners of homeopathy have used highly
diluted solutions of medicinal substances to treat diseases. Some
substances are diluted way beyond the point at which no trace of the
original substances could remain. It is as though the water has retained
memory of the departed molecules. This has aroused a great deal of
scepticism within the conventional medical and scientific community. To
this day, 'homeopathic' is used as a term of derision, to indicate
something imagined that has no reality.

But a series of recent discoveries in the conventional scientific community
is making people think again.

First, there were the South Korean chemists who discovered two years ago
that molecules dissolved in water clump together as they get more diluted
(see SiS 15), which was totally unexpected; and further more, the size of
the clumps depends on the history of dilution, making a mockery of the
'laws of chemistry'.

Now, physicist Louis Rey in Lausanne, Switzerland, has published a paper in
the mainstream journal, Physica A, describing experiments that suggest
water does have a memory of molecules that have been diluted away, as can
be demonstrated by a relatively new physical technique that measures
thermoluminescence.

In this technique, the material is 'activated' by irradiation at low
temperature, with UV, X-rays, electron beams, or other high-energy
sub-atomic particles. This causes electrons to come loose from the atoms
and molecules, creating 'electron-hole pairs' that become separated and
trapped at different energy levels.

Then, when the irradiated material is warmed up, it releases the absorbed
energy and the trapped electrons and holes come together and recombine.
This causes the release of a characteristic glow of light, peaking at
different temperatures depending on the magnitude of the separation between
electron and hole.

As a general rule, the phenomenon is observed in crystals with an ordered
arrangement of atoms and molecules, but it is also seen in disordered
materials such as glasses. In this mechanism, imperfections in the
atomic/molecular lattice are considered to be the sites at which
luminescence appears.

Rey decided to use the technique to investigate water, starting with heavy
water or deuterium oxide that's been frozen into ice at a temperature of
77K. The absolute temperature scale (degree K, after Lord Kelvin) is used
in science. (The zero degree K is equivalent to –273 C, and deuterium is an
isotope of hydrogen which is twice as heavy as hydrogen).

As the ice warms up, a first peak of luminescence appears near 120K, and a
second peak near 166 K. Heavy water gives a much stronger signal than
water. In both cases, samples that were not irradiated gave no signals at all.

For both water and heavy water, the relative intensity of the
thermoluminescence depends on the irradiation dose. There has been a
suggestion that peak 2 comes from the hydrogen-bonded network within ice,
whereas peak 1 comes from the individual molecules. This was confirmed by
looking at a totally different material that is known to present strong
hydrogen bonds, which showed a similar glow in the peak 2 region, but
nothing in peak 1.

Rey then investigated what would happen when he dissolved some chemicals in
the water and diluted it in steps of one hundred fold with vigorous
stirring (as in the preparation of homeopathic remedies), until he reached
a concentration of 10 to the power -30 g per centilitre, and compare that
to the control that has not had any chemical dissolved in it and diluted in
the same way.

The samples were frozen and activated with irradiation as usual.

Much to his surprise, when lithium chloride, LiCl, a chemical that would be
expected to break hydrogen bonds between water molecules was added, and
then diluted away, the thermoluminescent glow became reduced, but the
reduction of peak 2 was greater relative to peak 1. Sodium chloride, NaCl,
had the same effect albeit to a lesser degree.

It appears, therefore, that substances like LiCl and NaCl can modify the
hydrogen-bonded network of water, and that this modification remains even
when the molecules have been diluted away.

The fact that this 'memory' remains, in spite of, or because of vigorous
stirring or shaking at successive dilutions, indicates that the 'memory' is
by no means static, but depends on a dynamic process, perhaps a collective
quantum excitation of water molecules that has a high degree of stability
(see "The strangeness of water and homeopathic memory", SiS 15).

Source

Rey L. Thermoluminescence of ultra-high dilutions of lithium chloride and
sodium chloride. Physica A 2003, 323, 67-74

¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤

The following is  from a  letter  from Pavel Poluyan, a Rusian scientist:
Russian and foreign scientists have been recently trying to create in their
works a synthetical theory, where the fundamental bases of algebra and
geometry are united. The realization of this program is connected with the
deep revaluation of such basic notions as “number”, “continuum”, “point”,
“limit”, “infinitesimal”, “nought”, “infinity”, that is why the approaches
are being outlined – though they can be different from each other
sometimes. This is natural, because the researchers are free in the way
they work, and the coming revolutionary changes in the logic of science are
inevitably connected with the changes of the whole picture of the world.

The philosophical bases of the research work were laid in the 19th century
already by the “founding fathers”. So, the number pairs were created by the
great English mathematician Hamilton, while he was trying to define Time
from the point of view of algebra, and Clifford’s algebra, which is now
often used in the works of the stated approach, was realized by its
creator, William Clifford, as mathematical reflection of John Berkley’s
philosophy. In his philosophical essay Clifford introduced the special
notion “mind-stuff”.

By the way, the leader of Russian revolutionists, Vladimir Lenin, in his
book “Materialism and Empiriocriticism” put a great deal of criticism on
William Clifford’s views. For the following generations of Russian students
it was obligatory to read and make the abstract of the Lenin’s work, so
they had a lot to think about. And it is no wonder that many of them came
to the idea that “thought” can be some “objective reality“ too. But where
is it situated, if in space there is enough room only for the Matter? At
the turn of the Soviet period the term “nous-sphere”, introduced by
Vladimir Vernadsky, was very popular, but the discussion about the
metaphysical processes did not make the major points clearer.

The scientific revolution of the 20th century gave birth to the unusual
tendencies in western and European science. In France and Germany the
algebraic interpretations of quantum physics were developed, the
geometrical conceptions, which let create the unusual models of the
Universe, consisting of several interdependent worlds, also were originated
there. Italian physicists tried to express mathematically laws of
hypothesis world of tachyons, who lived “on the opposite side” of the
velocity of light. And in the post-communist Russia the name of Pavel
Florensky a physicist and philosopher, who became a priest and died in
GULAG, was remembered. In his work “About Imaginary in Geometry” the
existence of “the opposite side” of the spatial reality, expressed with the
help of imaginary numbers, was declared.

Modern scientific notions let us make an outline of the new cosmology,
based upon the joining two theoretical models. They are geometrical
4-dimensional space-time continuum and algebraic quaternion time-space (the
three imaginary axes and a material one have the time difference [t], and
the co-efficient of proportionality between the physical data is not
velocity of light C [x/t], but a special constant S [t/x]). While
quaternion time-space is “built” not with the points, but with the oriented
rotating moments, it can be regarded as existing-in-the-reality
mathematical variety, where objective informational processes are going on.
In such a case the objective essence, now named Information, is a competent
participant of the Universum, as well as those, which are called Matter and
Field (then to the number of the fundamental constants Bolzman’s constant
is added, it is used in expression for entropy, and can be often met in the
modern information theories, but in physics it is!
 regarded as some empirical number of no universal character). The
informational processes are somewhat quickened in the basis of the Matter
itself. This can be proved by the fact that electromagnetic waves are the
main carrier of information. Their ability to be coded and decoded is the
essential quality, which is very important for the people’s mind. But there
are at least two different approaches on this question. The generally
accepted notion is well-known: information is a function of complex
material systems, and is of no importance for the fundamental physical
science, which describes “the main laws”. The other approach was firstly
formulated by Taillar de Charden. This is a hypothesis of “radial component
of energy”, that is information is understood as some essence, which is
transported and transformed in the material processes as easily as what
physicists call energy. The modern scientific research work has a lot to do
with this hypothesis.

It is a paradoxical situation: the modern civilization is based on the use
of informational processes, the objectivity of information has become
almost tangible, but this objectivity is still being connected only with
nervous impulses and signals, and such important characteristics of
information as Sense and Meaning are regarded as some
subjective-psychological conventions. It is evident that it is time to
admit that in new cosmology Information, Sense and Meaning have a
fundamental place. If scientists could up to now abstract from that, now
the scientific abstractions themselves in their development have led
scientists to the necessity of changing mechanical notions. Dual
algebraic-geometrical character of mathematical models of the world has
become quite logically evident, it is necessary to admit the deep essence,
which is hidden in it. The matter is not “in the equivalency of the
languages of description”, but in the fact, that special features of
equations show us the d!
eepest structures of the Universum. As Werner Heisenberg once wrote:
“Equations know more than we do”. It should be also mentioned that in his
letters to W. Heisenberg his friend Pauli told him enthusiastically not
long before his death of a new unusual picture of the world based on
dualism. But some dim circumstances made Pauli call that way forbidden, and
his death stopped the research work, begun by him. Nevertheless, the logic
of science development brings scientists again to the necessity to make the
further conclusions.

The most remarkable consequence of the new cosmology is a strange model,
where the whole so-called “material world” appears to be the thin potential
barrier, through which the informational interaction between the linked and
additional parts of the Universum is realized. To speak mathematical
language, we live “within” the imaginary unite, linking the opposite ends
of the Universum, expressed in geometrical and algebraic-numerical
continuums, and the boundaries of our world are expressed by the
fundamental physical constants S=h/e2 [t/x] and C [x/t] – meaningful for
micro and mega scales.

I understands that the suggested here interpretation of the mathematical
models (which is not yet generally admitted) can cause accusations in
mystic and pseudo-science. But it should be noted that modern science has
found itself in the position, where it was at the time of its beginning,
when scientists used for cognition various models, visual-artistic images,
notions not adjusted logically and ambivalent terms. That is why it is
necessary to suppose: in the traditional religious and mystic teachings
there is something, which is called “grain of truth”. In other words, in
the future scientific theory we shall be able to find the logical and
successive connection between those things, which are at present beyond the
modern “scientific picture of the world”. There is nothing
pseudo-scientific in such setting of the problem, we can set the problem,
try to solve it and finally to have solved it. The only condition is that
we should be critical and careful.

Pavel Poluyan
PRAVDA.Ru
Krasnoyarsk
 

A new kind of alchemy

LET'S hear it for Dmitri Mendeleev. His periodic table has done a remarkable job of making sense of the elements, arranging them neatly into families whose members share similar properties. For more than a century it has been chemists' guiding light. But Mendeleev's classic layout is starting to prove inadequate at describing the unexpected ways in which chemical elements behave when divvied up into small chunks. And now some chemists think it may be time to build a whole new table, this time from something much stranger than atoms: superatoms.

According to Mendeleev's roll call, an element's chemistry can be deduced from where it sits in the periodic table. Reactive metals like sodium and calcium occupy the two columns on the left. The inert "noble" gases make up the column on the far right, flanked by typical non-metals such as chlorine and sulphur.

Now this neat picture is being disrupted by superatoms - clusters of atoms of a particular chemical element that can take on the properties of entirely different elements. The chemical behaviour can be altered, sometimes drastically, by the addition of just one extra atom. "We can take one element and have it mimic several different elements in the periodic table," says Welford Castleman, an inorganic chemist at Pennsylvania State University who has studied the chemistry of aluminium superatoms.

It is a finding that is challenging our entire understanding of chemical reactivity. Adding superatoms to the periodic table would transform it from a flatland to a three-dimensional landscape in which each element is drawn out into a series of super-elements. Superatoms could have practical uses too: they could be combined into super-molecules to make new materials. And their unusual chemistry could be harnessed to make efficient fuels.

According to conventional thinking, the chemical properties of an atom depend on the way the electrons orbiting its nucleus are arranged in a series of shells. This in turn is determined by the number of electrons it possesses - just one in the case of hydrogen, for example, but up to 92 for an atom of the heavy metal uranium. The structure of the periodic table is explained by the gradual filling of the shells. Atoms with completely filled shells - the noble gases, such as helium, argon and xenon - are particularly unreactive. The most reactive elements are often those with atoms that are just one electron short of a filled shell and so occupy the column next to the noble gases in the periodic table, or those with one electron too many, which make up the left-most column of the table.

This simple picture was thrown into disarray in the early 1980s, when evidence started appearing that clusters of atoms of one element could behave like another. Thomas Upton at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena discovered that clusters of six aluminium atoms could catalyse the splitting of hydrogen molecules in much the same way as ruthenium, a metal used as a catalyst in the chemical industry. This quickly led to thoughts of extending the periodic table. "Some of us started giving talks with Mendeleev in the title," recalls Robert Whetten, a cluster chemist at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta.

What was so special about these six-atom clusters? Research carried out around the same time by Walter Knight and his colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley, on another type of cluster started to provide some clues. Knight's team was working with a cool gas of sodium atoms and noticed clusters of atoms condensing out of the gas, rather like water droplets in a steamy room. Close inspection led to an unexpected discovery: rather than being made up of random numbers of atoms, the clusters mostly contained 8, 20, 40, 58 or 92 atoms. But why these numbers over others?
Atomic alter ego

Knight and his colleagues suspected it was down to the arrangement of electrons in the clusters. In a large lump of any metal, including sodium, some of each atom's electrons are free to move through the solid lattice. That's why metals conduct electricity. But Knight suspected that if these electrons are confined to a small number of atoms they might behave differently. To find out more, he borrowed a model used in nuclear physics and applied it to the cluster of atoms. Known as the "jellium" model, it treats the cluster of atoms as though they were a blob of jelly. Inside the blob, one electron from each sodium atom becomes free to roam through the blob.

According to Knight's calculations, the electrons in the blob arrange themselves in shells, just as the electrons of a single atom do, making the cluster behave as a giant atom. And when his team calculated the number of electrons that would make complete shells in a jellium cluster, the answer turned out to be 8, 20, 40 and so on. Since each sodium atom contributes one electron to the jelly, this explains why sodium clusters tended to be made of 8, 20 and 40 atoms. Clusters of this size can be thought of as the superatom counterparts of the noble gases, because their jellium electron shells are completely filled.

Knight's jellium model explains why stable clusters form. But could it explain why clusters of one element mimic another as Upton had found? Fast-forward to the mid-1990s, when Castleman was investigating what happens when oxygen reacts with aluminium cluster-ions - clusters that had been given an extra electron. Castleman saw the oxygen stripping away aluminium atoms from the clusters one at a time, steadily shrinking them down to nothing as the reaction progressed.
“We can take one element and have it mimic several different elements in the periodic table”

But when he did the experiment with clusters of various sizes, he noticed that the reaction would suddenly stop, leaving behind a depleted cluster. When he looked more closely, he found that the leftover clusters contained 13, 23 and 37 aluminium atoms. It seemed that there was something about these clusters that made them unwilling to react with oxygen.

To understand what that was, Castleman and his colleagues turned to the jellium model and used it to calculate the arrangement of electrons in the Al13, Al23 and Al37 clusters. They found something similar to what Knight had seen in sodium clusters. Aluminium cluster-ions made of 13, 23 and 37 atoms - plus an extra electron - have just the right number of electrons to form closed electron shells. In effect, aluminium cluster ions with this number of atoms behave more like a noble gas than aluminium, at least as far as the reaction with oxygen is concerned. The numbers are different from the numbers in Knight's clusters because aluminium atoms contribute more electrons to the jelly than sodium does.

Castleman then wondered what would happen if he removed the extra electron from the clusters. Elements with one electron fewer than the noble gases are the halogens - fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine - which are highly reactive. Sure enough, his team found that if they removed an electron, the neutral Al13 clusters underwent the same chemical reactions as the halogens. What's more, they found that Al13 cluster-ions, with their extra electron, behave much like the bromide ions that form when bromine atoms gain an electron. So it certainly looks as if aluminium, which is a typical metal, can be made to behave like a classic non-metal if it is in superatom form.

How far does the similarity go? To test the chemistry of the aluminium superatom, Castleman's team investigated how it reacts with a halogen molecule such as iodine. Bromide ions are known to stick to iodine gas molecules to create BrI2- ions. Similarly, iodine ions latch onto iodine molecules to form tri-iodide ions, I3-, and further iodine molecules can then be added to create I5- and I7-. Castleman thought that if Al13 cluster-ions really do mimic halide ions, then they should undergo the same reaction too. So his group tried it. Sure enough, they found that they could make Al13I2- and Al13I4-.

It certainly looked promising. "We then started to work with other aluminium clusters," says Castleman, and that's when they discovered that they could get aluminium to mimic another element too. In reactions with iodine gas, they found that a cluster of 14 aluminium atoms behaves like an alkaline earth metal, the family in the second column of the periodic table that includes calcium and magnesium.
Scouring for superatoms

These discoveries have prompted Castleman and his colleagues to scour the periodic table for more superatoms. So far, they have found hints that the chemical reactivity of clusters combining vanadium and oxygen atoms changes dramatically with the number of atoms in the cluster.

But curiosity aside, what's the point? What can be gained from making a compound with a superatom mimicking an element like bromine, rather than with bromine itself?

One answer is that superatoms could provide entirely new types of material, including "expanded" crystals. In a solid such as sodium chloride, the atoms are stacked together like oranges in a market display. In an expanded crystal, the atoms would be replaced by a stack of giant superatoms.

Expanded crystals could have useful properties. In the early 1990s, it was discovered that the superconducting properties of carbon-60 crystals doped with metal ions could be maintained at ever higher temperatures by squeezing larger and larger ions into the crystal lattice. Even so, the temperature at which the material ceased to act as a superconductor was still not very high - and was certainly a long way from the room-temperature superconductivity that researchers would love to achieve. Perhaps superatoms could hold the answer here and in related applications. Shiv Khanna, a physicist at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond who works with Castleman, hopes that replacing iodine in conducting polymers with aluminium superatoms could improve their conductivity.

Not all researchers share his optimism. "There is scepticism, mostly expressed by physicists and theorists, that a crystalline material composed of large aluminium clusters could ever be achieved," Whetten admits. "But my opinion is that one of these projects will eventually succeed." Castleman is confident that chemists' ingenuity will win through. "Physicists lack appreciation for the immense variety of chemical approaches to synthesising new materials," he says. He looks forward to being able to use clusters to build materials with tailor-made properties.

Another of the hopes for superatoms is that they could be used to disguise an element's normal chemistry. Aluminium could be a useful additive to solid fuels because it releases huge amounts of energy when it burns. But there is a problem: fine aluminium power is so reactive that the grains often oxidise before they even reach the ignition chamber, making them useless for boosting fuel.

Castleman thinks the solution might lie with noble-gas-like Al13 cluster-ions, which do not react with oxygen. His plan is to combine them with some kind of combustible organic molecule and mix the resulting compound with the fuel. "It would be totally stable," he says, "until a flame kicks out the extra electron." At that moment, the cluster's disguise would fall away, returning it to its reactive neutral form.

The idea "is just getting started", Castleman says, and he cautions that he doesn't know yet if it will work. But it is looking promising enough to have attracted the US air force, which is funding him to do further research.

Applications like these are not the main point, however, at least as far as chemists are concerned. For them, superatoms could provide a means to change something they had previously accepted as given: the chemical properties of the elements. Now they are on the verge of being able to control and alter the way the elements react. It is a kind of alchemy, but it has no need of magic. All you have to do is count the right number of atoms.
  * 16 April 2005
    * From New Scientist Print Edition.
    * Philip Ball
 
 
 
 

ASC INTERNATIONAL 3714 W. Dempster St. suite 118   (847) 673-3431    info@asc-alchemy.com
HOME
copyright 1990-2006 ASC International. All rights reserved. No part of these pages may be reproduced in any form, electronic or mechanical, including any digital information storage system, without written approval from ASC International. NONE OF THE STATEMENTS IN THESE PAGES SHOULD BE CONSTRUED AS CLAIMS OR REPRESENTATION THAT ANY OF ASC INTERNATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE OFFERED FOR THE DIAGNOSIS, CURE, MITIGATION, TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF ANY DISEASE.
Ascension Alchemy®, Golden Triangle™ and Alchemical Homeopathy™ are trademarks of ASC International